Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity (pp.169–176)

1. The pectoral girdle consists of the paired scapular and clavicles. Anteriorly, each clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
   1. Distinguishing features of the clavicle include the acromial and sternal extremities, conoid tubercle, and costal tuberosity.

   2. Distinguishing features of the scapula include the spine, acromion, and coracoid process; the supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae; the glenoid cavity; the coracoid process; superior, medial, and lateral borders; and superior, inferior, and lateral angles.

2. The brachium contains the humerus, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
   1. Proximally, distinguishing features of the humerus include a rounded head, greater and lesser tubercles, an anatomical neck, and an intertubercular groove. Distally, they include medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid and olecranon fossae, a capitulum, and a trochlea.

   2. The head of the humerus articulates proximally with the glenoid cavity of the scapula; distally, the trochlea and capitulum articulate with the ulna and radius, respectively.

3. The antebrachium contains the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally).
   1. Proximally, distinguishing features of the ulna include the olecranon and coronoid processes, the trochlear notch, and the radial notch. Distally, they include the styloid process and head of ulna.

   2. Proximally, distinguishing features of the radius include the head and neck of radius and the tuberosity of radius. Distally, they include the styloid process and ulnar notch.

4. The hand contains 27 bones including 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremity (pp.176–186)

1. The pelvic girdle is formed by two ossa coxae, united anteriorly at the symphysis pubis. It is attached posteriorly to the sacrum—a bone of the axial skeleton.

2. The pelvis is divided into a greater pelvis, which helps to support the pelvic viscera, and a lesser pelvis, which forms the walls of the birth canal.

3. Each os coxae consists of an ilium, ischium, and pubis. Distinguishing features of the os coxae include an obturator foramen and an acetabulum, the latter of which is the socket for articulation with the head of the femur.
   1. Distinguishing features of the ilium include an iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, and greater sciatic notch.

   2. Distinguishing features of the ischium include the body, ramus, ischial tuberosity, and lesser sciatic notch.

   3. Distinguishing features of the pubis include the ramus and pubic tubercle. The two pubic bones articulate at the symphysis pubis.

4. The thigh contains the femur, which extends from the hip to the knee, where it articulates with the tibia and the patella.
   1. Proximally, distinguishing features of the femur include the head, fovea capitus femoris, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters. Distally, they include the lateral and medial epicondyles, the lateral and medial condyles, and the patellar surface. The linea aspera is a roughened ridge positioned vertically along the posterior aspect of the body of the femur.

   2. The head of the femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the os coxae and distally with the condyles of the tibia and the articular facets of the patella.

5. The leg contains the tibia medially and the fibula laterally.
   1. Proximally, distinguishing features of the tibia include the medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral epicondyles, intercondylar eminence, and tibial tuberosity. Distally, they include the medial malleolus and fibular notch. The anterior crest is a sharp ridge extending the anterior length of the tibia.

   2. Distinguishing features of the fibula include the head proximally and the lateral malleolus distally.

6. The foot contains 26 bones including 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges.