Introduction to the Female Reproductive System (pp. 707–709)

1. The reproductive period of a female is the period between puberty (about age 12) and menopause (about age 50). In the course of this age span, cyclic ovulation and menstruation patterns occur in nonpregnant females.

2. The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce ova; secrete sex hormones; receive sperm from the male; provide sites for fertilization, implantation, and development of the embryo and fetus; facilitate parturition; and secrete milk from the mammary glands.

3. The female reproductive system consists of (a) primary sex organs—the ovaries; (b) secondary sex organs—those that are essential for sexual reproduction, characterized by latent development; and (c) secondary sex characteristics—features that are sexual attractants, expressed after puberty.

Structure and Function of the Ovaries (pp. 709–714)

1. The ovaries are supported by the mesovarium, which extends from the broad ligament, and by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments.

2. The ovarian follicles within the ovarian cortex undergo cyclic changes.
   1. Primary oocytes, arrested at prophase I of meiosis, are contained within primordial follicles.

   2. Upon stimulation by gonadotropic hormones, some of the primordial follicles enlarge to become primary follicles.

   3. When a follicle develops a fluid-filled antrum, it is called a secondary follicle.

   4. Generally only one follicle continues to grow to become a vesicular ovarian follicle.

   5. The vesicular ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase II of meiosis.

   6. In the process of ovulation, the vesicular ovarian follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte, which becomes a zygote upon fertilization.

   7. After ovulation, the empty follicle becomes a corpus luteum.

Secondary Sex Organs (pp. 714–719)

1. The uterine tube, which conveys ova from the ovary to the uterus, provides a site for fertilization.
   1. The open-ended portion of each uterine tube is expanded; its margin bears fimbriae that extend over the lateral surface of the ovary.

   2. Movement of an ovum is aided by ciliated cells that line the lumen and by peristaltic contractions in the wall of the uterine tube.

2. The uterus is supported by the broad ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, cardinal ligaments, and round ligaments. The regions of uterus are the fundus, body, and cervix. The cervical canal opens into the vagina at the uterine ostium.
   1. The endometrium consists of a stratum basale and a stratum functionale; the superficial stratum functionale is shed during menstruation.

   2. The myometrium produces the muscular contractions needed for labor and parturition.

3. The vagina serves to receive the erect penis, to convey menses to the outside, and to transport the fetus during parturition.
   1. The vaginal wall is composed of an inner mucosa, a middle muscularis, and an outer fibrous layer.

   2. The vaginal orifice may be partially covered by a thin membranous hymen.

4. The external genitalia, or vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vaginal vestibule, vestibular bulbs, and vestibular glands.

5. Impulses through parasympathetic nerves stimulate erectile tissues in the clitoris and vestibular bulbs; in orgasm, muscular contraction occurs in the perineum, uterus, and uterine tubes.

Mammary Glands (pp. 719–721)

1. Mammary glands, located within the breasts, are modified sweat glands.
   1. Each mammary gland is composed of 15 to 20 lobes; the lobes are subdivided into lobules that contain mammary alveoli.

   2. During lactation, the mammary alveoli secrete milk. The milk passes through mammary ducts, lactiferous ducts, and lactiferous sinuses and is discharged through the nipple.

2. The nipple is a cylindrical projection near the center of the breast, surrounded by the circular pigmented areola.

Ovulation and Menstruation (pp. 722–723)

1. Ovulation and menstruation are reproductive cyclic events that are regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the ovaries.

2. The menstrual cycle is divided into menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases.

3. The principal hormones that regulate ovulation and menstruation are estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).