The prostate gland is relatively small in boys, beginning to grow in early adolescence and reaching adult size a few years later. Usually the gland does not grow again until age 50, when in half of all men it enlarges enough to press on the urethra. This produces a feeling of pressure on the bladder because it cannot empty completely, and thus frequent urination. Retained urine can lead to infection and inflammation, bladder stones, or kidney disease.

Medical researchers do not know what causes prostate enlargement. Risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, and possibly occupational exposure to batteries or the metal cadmium. The enlargement may be benign or cancerous. Because prostate cancer is nearly 100% treatable if detected early, it is imperative that men have their prostates examined regularly.

Diagnostic tests include a rectal exam as well as a blood test to detect prostate specific antigen (PSA), a cell surface protein normally found on prostate cells. Elevated PSA levels indicate an enlarged prostate, which may be caused by a benign or cancerous growth. Ultrasound may provide further information.

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