To The Student

Included at the end of each chapter are critical thinking exercises that provide practice for applying the concepts and information included in the chapter. These exercises extend well beyond the correct recall of information or "looking up the answer." They require you to utilize critical thinking skills such as interpreting data and experimental results, predicting outcomes when conditions are changed, proposing and evaluating experimental designs, and establishing sound arguments and lines of reasoning. In other words, the emphasis is on skill development and application.

In each exercise, you should develop a logical argument that is based on information in the chapter and sound reasoning, not on opinion. The strength of your argument and reasoning will depend on appropriate concept application and structuring your argument so that it clearly leads to your conclusion and/or interpretation.

A few general guidelines for completing the exercises will be helpful:

• Know what the question is asking. Does the question ask for a prediction? An interpretation? An experimental analysis?
• What information is needed to solve the exercise? Now is the time for you to go back through the chapter, if necessary, to review concepts and information. Be sure to apply appropriate information to the problem.
• What new information is provided in the exercise? How does this exercise differ from examples included in the chapter? Decide how this new information fits with and extends information in the chapter.
• Draw a diagram or outline of the exercise. This will help organize your thoughts and ensure understanding of the relationships in the exercise. It also will indicate the structure of your logic leading to your solution.

For most students, these exercises are difficult, especially at first. But as with any skill, ability and skill will improve with practice. Do not be discouraged with early difficulties; consistent effort and practice will lead to significant improvement.