Biology  5/e   Raven/Johnson
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Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze specific reactions. Since active sites are limited by the configuration of the substrate, the range of reactions and substrates is quite limited.

DNA: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded, helical molecule consisting of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides linked by phosphate groups. The two strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between bases of the nucleotides. DNA contains hereditary information of the cell and controls its form and function.

Point mutations: Point mutations are alterations in the coding sequences of nucleotides of DNA. They are called point mutations because they have very local effects.

Plasmids: Plasmids are segments of bacterial DNA that may leave and reenter the chromosome at specific points. They may be transferred to other bacteria via pili.

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