Biology  5/e   Raven/Johnson
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Definition of organism: All organisms have a cellular organization, are capable of growth and metabolism, and are capable of reproducing themselves.

TMV and T2 viruses: The TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) is a virus commonly used in "piggy back" vaccines. The T2 virus is a bacteriophage used by Hershey and Walker in their experiments.

Lambda virus integration: Lambda viruses contain a gene coding for the enzyme integrate, which recognizes sequences of bacterial DNA and inserts the lambda viral DNA in the proper location.

Retroviruses and cancer: Retroviruses are often linked to cancer. Their carcinogenic properties come from possession of RNA that is a transcript of a portion of eukaryotic DNA. The result is a gene inappropriately placed in the host genome. The result is incorrect cell duplication--cancer.

Vaccinia viruses and vaccination: The vaccinia virus has been used to make "piggy back" vaccines against such disease as hepatitis B and herpes simplex.

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