Biology  5/e   Raven/Johnson
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Cell structure: Plant cells are surrounded on the outside by a cell wall. Just inside the wall is the cell membrane. Most of the inside of the cell membrane is filled with cytoplasm and one or more vacuoles. Included in the cytoplasm is usually a nucleus, one or many plastids and mitochondria.

How cells divide: Vegetative structures of plants divide by mitosis. Chromosomes are duplicated, and a copy of each chromosome is carried to opposite poles. The cell is then divided into two cells by the formation of a cell wall midway between the clusters of chromosomes.

Major groups of plants: All plants are multicellular eukaryotes. They are divided into vascular and non-vascular plants. Vascular plants are divided into seed producers and nonseed producers. Seed producers are divided into flowering plants and nonflowering plants. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and dicots.

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