Marshall, E.: "Testing Urine for Drugs," Science, vol. 241, July 1988, pages 150–52. Urinalysis now provides fast and accurate tests for the presence of many drugs.

McArthur, A. and J. Clark: "Body Temperature and Heat and Water Balance," Nature, vol. 326, pages 647–48, April 16, 1987. The role of water in the body in thermoregulation is discussed.

Murray, J.: "Human Organ Transplantation: Background and Consequences," Science, vol. 256, June 5, 1992, pages 1411–16. The kidney is one of the most frequently transplanted human organs, and discussed as the primary example in this paper on tissue and organ transplantation.

O’Brien, C.: "Lucky Break for Kidney Disease Gene," Science, vol. 264, June 24, 1994, page 1844. Identification of the gene apparently responsible for the development of kidney disease offers a wealth of possible treatments—including gene therapy.

Palfrey, C. and A. Cossins: "Fishy Tales of Kidney Function," Nature, vol. 371, September 29, 1994, pages 377–78. From an evolutionary standpoint, understanding the fish kidney is critical to understanding osmoregulation. Fishes also have the added challenges of living in environments high in (obviously) water content, and, in the case of marine fishes, salt content.

Schmidt-Nielsen, K.: Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. This general animal physiology text has an excellent chapter on excretion by one of the pioneers in comparative vertebrate physiology.