Some of the laboratory experiments included in this text may be hazardous if materials are handled improperly or if procedures are conducted incorrectly. Safety precautions are necessary when you are working with chemicals, glass test tubes, hot water baths, sharp instruments, and the like, or for any procedures that generally require caution. Your school may have set regulations regarding safety procedures that your instructor will explain to you. Should you have any problems with materials or procedures, please ask your instructor for help.
Lab Topic 1 Science: A Way of Gathering Knowledge 1
Lab Topic 2 Techniques in Microscopy 11
Lab Topic 3 Cellular Structure Reflects Function 19
Lab Topic 4 Determining How Materials Enter Cells 31
Lab Topic 5 Quantitative Techniques and Statistics 41
Lab Topic 6 Determining the Properties of an Enzyme 53
Lab Topic 7 Measuring Cellular Respiration 67
Lab Topic 8 Determining Chromosome Number
in Mitotic Cells 77
Lab Topic 9 Observing Meiosis and Determining Cross-Over Frequency 89
Lab Topic 10 Determining Genotypes of Fruit Flies 101
Lab Topic 11 Isolating DNA and Working with Plasmids 115
Lab Topic 12 Testing Assumptions in Microevolution and Inducing Mutations 125
Lab Topic 13 Using Bacteria as Experimental Organisms 139
Lab Topic 14 Diversity Among Protists 147
Lab Topic 15 Investigating Plant Phylogeny:
Seedless Plants 163
Lab Topic 16 Investigating Plant Phylogeny:
Seed Plants 177
Lab Topic 17 Observing Fungal Diversity and Symbiotic Relationships 193
Lab Topic 18 Investigating Early Events in Animal Development 205
Lab Topic 19 Animal Phylogeny: Investigating Evolution of Body Plan 217
Lab Topic 20 Protostomes I: Investigating Evolutionary Development of Complexity 233
Lab Topic 21 Protostomes II: Investigating a Body Plan Allowing Great Diversity 245
Lab Topic 22 Deuterostomes: Investigating the Origins of the Vertebrates 259
Lab Topic 23 Investigating Plant Tissues and Primary Root Structure 273
Lab Topic 24 Investigating Primary Structure, Secondary Growth, And Function of Stems 287
Lab Topic 25 Investigating Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis 299
Lab Topic 26 Angiosperm: Reproduction, Germination, and Development 313
Lab Topic 27 Investigating Digestive and Gas Exchange Systems 331
Lab Topic 28 Investigating Circulatory Systems 347
Lab Topic 29 Investigating the Excretory and Reproductive Systems 361
Lab Topic 30 Investigating the Properties of Muscle and Skeletal Systems 373
Lab Topic 31 Investigating Nervous and Sensory Systems 391
Lab Topic 32 Statistically Analyzing Simple Behaviors 403
Lab Topic 33 Estimating Population Size and Growth 413
Lab Topic 34 Performing Standard Assays of Water Quality 425
Appendix A Significant Figures and Rounding 433
Appendix B Making Graphs 435
Appendix C Simple Statistics 437
Appendix D Writing Lab Reports and Scientific Papers 444
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