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Chapter 14: Protein Synthesis And Cell Growth |
Errors occurring in protein synthesis (transcription and translation) or mutations in the genetic material, result in errors at the phenotypic level, some of which could be fatal to the organism.
In thinking about many topics in biology, including disease, genetics, and evolution, it is critical to understand how the information encoded in the genome is responsible for the structures and functions of cells making the organism.
2. Continuity
The previous chapters on cell structure and function relate easily to this chapter, which explains how the cell is made and operated.
The future chapters on inheritance and evolution are based on an understanding of the mechanism by which information in the genome becomes the phenotype of the organism; this is the essence of protein synthesis.
3. Demonstration Activities
Text section 14.1
1. Show a big DNA model or a nice picture of one.
2. A picture of Watson and Crick is also good for making this real.
3. Use animation programs to show transcription.
4. Figures 14.1 and 14.2 show the mechanisms for transcription and translation
5. Show the textbook art and discuss what a codon is.
6. Integrate the evolutionary theme of this book by showing a picture of giraffes, and discussing how the flow of information from DNA to protein cannot be reversed, thus refuting the Lamarckian theory for evolution.
Text section 14.2
1. Figure 14.3 shows the ribosome.
2. The text art shows mRNA.
Text section 14.3
1. Figures 14.4 and 14.5 show the tRNA mechanism.
2. Figure 14.6 shows protein sequencing in general.
Text section 14.4
1. Show Table 14.1, the genetic code.
2. Show schematics of DNA and discuss termination codons.
Text section 14.5
1. Show the picture of giraffes again in discussing this section.
Text section 14.6
1. Figures 14.8 and 14.9 illustrate both procaryotic and eucaryotic mechanisms.
Text section 14.7
1. Show a nice EM of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, pointing out the absence of ribosomes in the smooth, and relating this to function.
2. Figure 14.10 shows the lumen; Figure 14.11 adds detail to this.
Text section 14.8
1. how a nice EM of the Golgi complex and discuss sis and trans faces.
2. Show Figures 14.12 and 14.13, and again discuss the sis and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus; relate form to function while also clearing up common errors in understanding the direction of movement through the Golgi appara.tus.
Text section 14.9
1. Figure 14.16 summarizes the entire secretion pathway.
Text section 14.10
1. An easy way to show that there is coding and noncoding DNA is to show a picture of stained chromosomes, illustrating euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Text section 14.12
1. Show Figure 14.20, the nucleolar organizer.
Text section 14.13
1. Show EMs of mitochondria and chloroplasts; discuss their roles in carrying genetic information (e.g. maternal mitochondrial DNA is the only kind that is inheritable).
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