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Chapter 16: Mendelian Heredity |
1. Relevance of Topic
Every human in interested in the inheritance of traits, especially as it applies to them; this topic is usually very interesting if related to humans.
Disease in the human population has a long, well-documented history, and, except for those induced by serious environmental factors, all are genetically based.
The current debate on cloning, for example, is also related to the issues surrounding the proper use of genetic information, including questions about whether insurance companies and employers should have access to information.
Genetic fingerprinting, or the use of DNA analysis, in forensics is used to find how closely related two samples (persons) are, an issue of inheritance.
2. Continuity
The previous chapters on cell division, particularly material on meiosis, is essential as a foundation in best understanding Mendelian genetics.
The following chapters on population genetics and evolution are an extension of the understanding of transmission of genetic information among individuals.
3. Demonstration Activities
Text section 16.1
1. Show pictures of related individuals, even at the level of species or family (e.g. fox, wolf, dog).
2. Show Figure 16.2 and discuss Mendel's pea plant experiments.
Text section 16.2
1. Review meiosis, with drawings or models, and emphasize the importance of segregation and independent assortment (meiosis I events); these are related directly to the probabilities used in analyzing inheritance.
Text section 16.3
1. Draw a Punnett Square for a simple cross, such as Aa x Aa, and fill in the probabilities for each parent's gametes, and for each offspring. Show that the probability of AA (0.25) and that of aa (0.25) can be figured using the product rule; show that the sum rule is also necessary for figuring the probability of Aa (since there are two possible ways to get these).
Text section 16.4.
1. Show Figure 16.6 to illustrate partial dominance.
Text section 16.5
1. Show Table 16.1 to emphasize the mathematical aspects of analyzing inheritance.
Text section 16.6
1. Show Figure 16.7 and discuss the use of a testcross to determine the genotype of the "hidden" heterozygote.
Text section 16.7.
1. Figure 16.8 shows the independent inheritance of two traits that are determined by genes on different chromosomes.
2. Relate this to the phenomenon of independent assortment, which occurs during meiosis I.
3. It is also interesting to add that Mendel happened to test seven traits that were all determined by genes on different chromosomes (that is, they were not linked). Since Mendel did not know about chromosomes, this is considered to be a matter of luck.
Text section 16.8
1. Show Figure 16.11 and discuss how epistasis is really a case of a dominance effect.
Text section 16.9
1. Show a picture of a white-eyed Drosophila, the mutant used by Morgan in studying linkage.
2. Show a picture or line drawing of Sturtevant's first genetic map.
3. Show Figure 16.12 and discuss the various phenotypes.
Text section 16.10
1. Show Figure 16.14 in discussing pleiotropy.
2. Show pictures of humans with diseases like PKU and Marfan syndrome.
3. Show a picture of King George III, who suffered from porphyria, a disease with pleiotropic affects.
Text section 16.11
1. Show Figure 16.15 in discussing multiple alleles.
2. Discuss the ABO human blood group in discussing multiple alleles.
Text section 16.12
1. Show a picture of a man and a woman, or other male and female pair from a sexually dimorphic species.
2. Show Figure 16.16 and discuss the human X and Y chromosomes.
3. Show a picture of butterflies or birds that have ZZ males and ZW females, and discuss the fact that the human system is not like every other organism in sex determination.
Text section 16.13
1. Show Figure 16.17 and discuss how X-linked genes are inherited in Drosophila; work out one or more sample crosses to illustrate this inheritance.
2. Show a picture of Queen Victoria's family and the family pedigree (Figure 16.18) and discuss hemophilia inheritance.
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