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Class Activities |
Chapter 21: Developmental Biology II: Differentiation |
1. Relevance of Topic
A full understanding of differentiation has yet to be obtained, but is at the heart of studies on regeneration. Humans do not have the ability to regenerate limbs, as other animals do. Unlocking the mechanisms for this could have tremendous impact in medicine.
An understanding of development is also key to explaining and possibly preventing or correcting birth defects, many of which result from errors in embryonic development.
2. Continuity
The previous chapter, which focuses on genetic and cellular mechanisms in development, provides the necessary background for this chapter on cell fate.
Embryological similarities and differences are often used in taxonomy and phylogenetic studies, the topic of the next chapter.
Chapters 24, 34, and 35 will cover the development of various animal body plans and will show them to be the result of a flexible, but basic, genetic mechanism, examined in this chapter.
A complete understanding of embryological events also helps in discussing natural selection, as beneficial or detrimental traits are usually first obvious at the embryological stage.
3. Demonstration Activities
Text section 21.1
1. Show Figures 21.1 and 21.2 in discussing totipotency.
2. Insert information from Methods 21.1, regarding cloning research, and show pictures of recently cloned mammals, as a dramatic illustration of the fact that zygotes are totipotent.
Text section 21.2
1. Show Figure 21.3 and discuss determined cells.
2. Show Figure 21.4 and discuss how regions of the undivided egg are also determined.
Text section 21.3
1. Show Figure 21.5, a fate map of an early frog embryo, which has regulative development.
2. Show and discuss the experiment illustrated in Figure 21.6.
3. Show and discuss the allophenic mice in Figure 21.7.
Text Section 21.4
1. Figure 21.8 is a nice illustration of stem cells.
2. Figure 21.9 shows how cells are allocated to their fates.
Text section 21.5
1. Show Figure 21.11 and discuss meristems.
Text section 21.6
1. Show figures of adult organisms produced after transplants of the blastopore dorsal lip; some recent studies on Drosophila illustrate this concept of induction.
2. Show Figure 21.12.
Text section 21.7
1. Show Figures 21.13 and 21.14 to illustrate instructive processes.
Text section 21.8
1. Figure 21.15 shows a general model for genes in regulatory circuits (Section 18.2).
2. Figure 21.16 shows the action of regulatory genes.
Text section 21.9
1. Show Figure 21.17 or a similar drawing or picture of an embryo with limb buds.
2. Show the results of transplanting experiments (Figure 21.18).
Text section 21.10
1. Show Figures 20.19, 20.20 and 20.21 and discuss the details of development and positional information, as described regarding Drosophila.
2. Figures 21.22, 21.23, and 21.24 show the action of several genes involved in Drosophila development.
3. Figure 21.25 shows homeotic genes.
4. Figure 21.26 shows the bithorax complex.
Text section 21.11
1. Figure 21.27 shows Hox genes.
Text section 21.12
1. Figure 21.12 shows homeotic genes in snapdragons.
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