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Borradaile, L. A., F. A. Potts, L. E. S. Eastham, and J. T. Saunders. The Invertebrata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1958.

Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland (MA), 1990.

Buschbaum, Ralph. Animals Without Backbones: An Introduction to the Invertebrates. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948.

Hotez, Peter J., and David I. Pritchard. "Hookworm Infection." Scientific American, June 1995, p. 42. How hookworms enter the body, and how they might be treated.

Levinton, Jeffrey S. "The Big Bang of Animal Evolution." Scientific American, November 1992, p. 52. Around 600 million years ago, all the basic body plans of modern animals arose. Why haven’t there been any fundamentally new body plans since then?

McMenamin, Mark A. S. "The Emergence of Animals." Scientific American, April 1987, p. 94. The first adaptive radiation of animals produced all the major types we see today.

Wells, Martin. Lower Animals. World University Library, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968.

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