1. Show Figure 45.1 and list various types of animals that either do not have a circulatory system or that have an open system.

2. Show a chart of the human circulatory system, with arteries and veins in color, and impress upon the students the complexity of this closed system and one of its primary functions: gas exchange.

1. Show Figures 45.2 and 45.3 and contrast open and closed systems.

2. Show a close-up of a circulatory system chart, or a figure that illustrates the size of capillaries in such a system.

1. Using a circulatory system chart that shows the major types of vessels, review the circulation of blood in the human body (Figures 45.4—45.6).

2. Draw a schematic of the pulmonary circulatory system and contrast it with a schematic of the systemic system.

3. Discuss the likely evolutionary history of vertebrate hearts (Figure 45.7).

4. Mention the function of gills and list some of the animals that use them (Figure 45.8).

1. Bring to class either a model or a dissected preserved specimen of the heart (a large cow or pig heart works nicely) and show the students the various structures that comprise it. In a dissection, cut away both ventricle walls to show the difference in their thicknesses, and also remove one wall to show the valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.

2. Show Figure 45.10 and point out the AV node (pacemaker) and the SA node and discuss how they work in synchrony.

3. Either show an actual artificial pacemaker or a photo of one and discuss the cardiac dysrhythmias.

1. Explain systolic and diastolic blood pressure and bring a sphygmomanometer to class and demonstrate its use.

2. Explain the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation; include a list of chemical medications that are known to cause either of these phenomena.

3. Show Figure 45.13 and review the control mechanisms of the heart.

4. Discuss hypertension and how it affects the health of a human, including the more common causes of it.

1. Show Figure 45.15 and review the components of blood.

2. Show color photos of the various cell types in blood.

3. Show microscope slides of blood cells, and also of blood pathology.

1. Figure 45.19 illustrates the lymphatic system; show this and discuss how it is both connected to and separate from the circulatory system.

2. Discuss edema, a general condition with many causes, and explain its symptoms and treatments in terms of the lymphatic system.

1. Explain the functional causes of atherosclerosis, including the terms plaque, stenosis, ischemis, and myocardial infarction.

2. Figures 45.21 and 45.22 help illustrate these conditions.

3. Show a medical text photo of an artery that has been excised and opened to show occlusion from plaque built up inside the walls.

4. Discuss thrombi of the coronary arteries and also in the brain.

1. Show Figure 45.23 and review the organs of gas exchange in various animals.

2. Review the surface/volume ratio principle and relate it to the structures of these organs.

3. Show Figure 45.25 or a chart of the human respiratory system when discussing the structures and their functions.

4. Again, stress surface/volume ratio when discussing the alveoli.

1. Show Figures 45.29 and 45.30 and point out the centers that regulate breathing in mammals.