1. Begin this chapter by outlining the types of animal defense systems and categorizing them as to specific, nonspecific, mechanical, and chemical.

2. Show Figure 48.1 when discussing the skin and sebum as defenses.

3. Show Figure 48.2 and generally describe phagocytes and where they are found.

1. Show Figure 48.3 and describe acute inflammation and its characteristic features.

2. Discuss the terms prophylaxis and anaphylaxis and their general meaning, along with their specific meaning with regard to inflammation.

3. Explain the mechanisms that cause redness, swelling, and pain.

4. Show Figure 48.4, list, and describe the specialized leucocytes and their functions.

1. Discuss the role of histamine with regard to bodily injury.

2. Review paracrine communication (Section 41.5) and present selected examples of this from this section.

3. Describe the function of a fever as a nonspecific defense.

4. Define the terms pus and abscess.

1. Show Figure 48.7 and explain the cascade of reactions that causes blood clotting.

2. Review the use of citrate and heparin as anticoagulants.

3. Discuss the production of kinins and the release of histamine (Figure 48.9) and mention the fact that wasp venom includes kinin.

1. Introduce the immune system as a specific line of defense against successful invaders.

2. Discuss vaccination, vaccines, blood serum, antiserum, and antibodies.

3. Show Figure 48.10 and explain how antibodies and antigens work.

1. Describe where the immune response occurs and show Figure 48.13, primary lymphoid tissues.

2. Ask students why bone marrow transplants are done for leukemia patients.

3. List and describe the secondary lymphoid tissues; use a chart of the human body to point out these locations and also those of the primary lymphoid tissues.

1. Describe the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Figure 48.14) and how it encodes proteins that define self versus nonself entities.

2. Include a discussion of how closely related persons have similar MHC genes and can then recognize each others' cells as "self."

3. Explain the function of viruses and show Figures 48.15 and 48.16.

1. Show Figure 48.17 and explain the clonal selection model.

2. Discuss the Methods 48.1 material and monoclonal antibodies.

3. Describe the role of interleukins and interferons (Figure 48.18) as paracrine factors that govern lymphocyte and memory cell activity during the immune response.

4. Research or have students look into the use of interferons in the treatment of AIDS.

1. Show Figure 48.21 and describe the nervous system-endocrine system regulatory circuit.

1. Explain how HIV causes AIDS (Figure 48.22).

1. Describe hypersensitivity reactions such as allergy and anaphylaxis.

2. Show Figure 48.23 and explain the cascades that are related to these reactions.

3. Discuss rheumatoid arthritis and Lupus erythematosus as relatively common immune system diseases.