Guttman/Biology - Table of Contents

Part I
Basic Principles 17
2 The Diversity of Organisms 18
3 The Chemistry of Biology 45
4 Polymers and Proteins 66
5 Enzymes and the Dynamics of Proteins 90
6 Introduction to Cells 108
7 Energy and Metabolism 132
8 Membranes and Transport Processes 153
9 Cellular Respiration 175
10 Photosynthesis 195
11 The Dynamic Cell 214

Part II
The Structure and Function of the Genome 239
12 The Structure of the Genome 240
13 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 257
14 Protein Synthesis and Cell Growth 273
15 Cycles of Growth and Reproduction 292
16 Mendelian Heredity 311
17 Microbial and Molecular Genetics 331
18 Gene Regulation and Genetic Engineering 351
19 Human Genetics 375
20 Developmental Biology I: Morphogenesis and the Control of Growth 397
21 Developmental Biology II: Differentiation 422

Part III
Evolution 443
22 Classification and Evolutionary History 444
23 Population Genetics 464
24 Mechanisms of Evolution 481

Part IV
Ecology 507
25 The Biosphere 508
26 Population Structure and Dynamics 538
27 The Structure of Biological Communities 556
28 The Dynamics of Ecosystems 579

Part V
Diversity of Life 601
29 Early Evolution and the Procaryotes 602
30 The Evolution of Eucaryotes 627
31 The Fungi 650
32 Introduction to Plants and Animals 665
33 Plants and the Evolution of Plant Reproduction 689
34 Animals I: General Features and the Lower Phyla 714
35 Animals II: The Coelomates 737
36 Human Origins and Evolution 766

Part VI
Plant Biology 785
37 Plant Structure and Development 786
38 Translocation and Water Relations of Plants 806
39 Plant Growth and Growth Regulators 822
40 Plant Nutrition and the Practice of Agriculture 842

Part VII
Animal Biology 865
41 Integration and Control Systems 866
42 The Structure of Nervous Systems 890
43 Sensory Receptors and Perception 912
44 Skeleton and Muscle 932
45 Circulation and Gas Exchange 950
46 Excretion and Osmotic Balance 976
47 Digestion, Assimilation, and Nutrition 994
48 Animal Defense Systems: Inflammation and Immunity 1016
49 Fundamentals of Animal Behavior 1040
50 Social Behavior 1059
51 Sexual Behavior and Reproduction 1080

Annotated Brief Table of Contents

Chapter 1 ~ Introduction 1

Basic Principles 17

Chapter 2 ~ The Diversity of Organisms 18
This chapter discusses organisms as genetic systems and places them in an ecological and evolutionary context.

Chapter 3 ~ The Chemistry of Biology 45
Organisms are chemical machines, and here we lay the foundation for understanding them, with some principles of chemistry.

Chapter 4 ~ Polymers and Proteins 66
Organisms are made mostly of very large molecules. In this chapter we explore their structure, especially the structure of proteins.

Chapter 5 ~ Enzymes and the Dynamics of Proteins 90
This chapter lays the foundation for understanding the interactions between small molecules (ligands) and proteins-interactions that underlie much of biological activity.

Chapter 6 ~ Introduction to Cells 108
All organisms consist of one or more cells. Here we survey and illustrate their basic structure.

Chapter 7 ~ Energy and Metabolism 132
This chapter introduces general principles of energetics and explains how organisms obtain energy from their environment and use it for their own functions

Chapter 8 ~ Membranes and Transport Processes 153 All cells are bounded by a membrane and generally contain internal membranes. Here we discuss the structures of membranes and how they can transport molecules and ions.

Chapter 9 ~ Cellular Respiration 175
In this chapter we survey the principal metabolic pathways that organisms use to obtain energy from molecules and transform raw materials into their structures.

Chapter 10 ~ Photosynthesis 195
Photosynthesis-biosynthesis driven by the energy of light-is the foundation for almost all the energy that moves through an ecosystem.

Chapter 11 ~ The Dynamic Cell 214
Cells are not merely building blocks. They are dynamic structures that grow, exchange materials with their environment, and engage in various movements.

Part II - The Structure and Function of the Genome 239

Chapter 12 ~ The Structure of the Genome 240
Fundamental ideas about inheritance come from classical experiments on fruit flies and microorganisms, leading to our understanding of the central role of DNA.

Chapter 13 ~ DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 257
Cells reproduce themselves through cycles of events, centering on the replication of DNA and the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells.

Chapter 14 ~ Protein Synthesis and Cell Growth 273
Growth is primarily protein synthesis, and here we examine the transmission of information from DNA to protein and protein synthesis in the context of cell organization.

Chapter 15 ~ Cycles of Growth and Reproduction 292
Most organisms reproduce through a type of sexual cycle, a series of events that includes division and recombination of their chromosomes.

Chapter 16 ~ Mendelian Heredity 311
Sexual organisms inherit their characteristics in relatively simple patterns, as we explore in this chapter.

Chapter 17 ~ Microbial and Molecular Genetics 331
Our basic understanding of genetic processes has come from work with bacteria and phage, leading more recently to recombinant-DNA techniques. sequence. 342

Chapter 18 ~ Gene Regulation and Genetic Engineering 351
The expression of genes is regulated through a variety of molecular mechanisms, and these are manipulated for isolating genes and studying their properties.

Chapter 19 ~ Human Genetics 375
Modern human genetics is directed toward identifying genes associated with disease processes, understanding their effects, and searching for cures.

Chapter 20 ~ Developmental Biology I: Morphogenesis and the Control of Growth 397
Plants and animals develop in well-regulated patterns of cell growth and movement, which we understand partly by studying failures in regulation, as in cancers.

Chapter 21 ~ Developmental Biology II: Differentiation 422
Development requires the expression of many genes at specific times and places, as well as specific interactions between differentiating cells.

Part III - Evolution 443

Chapter 22 ~ Classification and Evolutionary History 444
Evolution results in a variety of organisms. Biologists are challenged to classify them in a series of categories reflecting their degrees of relatedness and the course of their evolution.

Chapter 23 ~ Population Genetics 464
The analysis of genes in populations explains how a population can remain quite stable and allows us to assess the effects of factors such as mutation and selection.

Chapter 24 ~ Mechanisms of Evolution 481
Macroevolution includes gradual changes in a single species, the formation of new species, and the extinction of species.

Part IV Ecology 507

Chapter 25 ~ The Biosphere 508
Geophysical factors such as temperature, precipitation, winds, currents, and water depth determine the characteristics of many terrestrial and aquatic habitats in the biosphere.

Chapter 26 ~ Population Structure and Dynamics 538
Organisms have evolved strategies for growing in different kinds of environments; their populations tend to grow exponentially, but are held in check by many factors.

Chapter 27 ~ The Structure of Biological Communities 556
The species in a biological community occupy distinct niches, largely defined by interspecific relationships, including competition, predation, and various symbiotic interactions.

Chapter 28 ~ The Dynamics of Ecosystems 579
Ecosystems operate through continuous flow of energy and the recycling of their components, and they tend to replace one another in ecological successions.

Part IV - Diversity of Life 601

Chapter 29 ~ Early Evolution and the Procaryotes 602
Modern procaryotes are a fascinating, diverse group that hold clues to the course of early evolution.

Chapter 30 ~ The Evolution of Eucaryotes 627
Eucaryotes evolved along several lines, creating a wonderful diversity of microorganisms that we discuss here.

Chapter 31~ The Fungi 650
Though the true fungi are a small group of organisms, they have had great impacts on human life.

Chapter 32 ~ Introduction to Plants and Animals 665
Here we examine the similarities and contrasts between plants and animals before discussing the two kingdoms separately.

Chapter 33 ~ Plants and the Evolution of Plant Reproduction 689
The story of plant evolution is woven around the theme of plants in their modes of reproduction.

Chapter 34 ~ Animals I: General Features and the Lower Phyla 714
The origins and early evolution of animals are still disputed. Here we examine the issues and the most primitive animals.

Chapter 35 ~ Animals II: The Coelomates 737
Most animals are arthropods, molluscs, or vertebrates, which we survey along with related groups.

Chapter 36 ~ Human Origins and Evolution 766
Humans are fascinated by the question of human origins; we discuss the known course of evolution and some remaining controversies.

Part VI - Plant Biology 785

Chapter 37 ~ Plant Structure and Development 786
A vascular plant is a system of roots, stems, and leaves; here we explore its basic structure and patterns of growth.

Chapter 38 ~ Translocation and Water Relations of Plants 806
Plants transport vast amounts of water and nutrients through their tissues while balancing their activities in complex water, temperature, and light interactions with their environments.

Chapter 39 ~ Plant Growth and Growth Regulators 822
The growth and other activities of plants are regulated by a small set of hormones and by signals from the environment, especially information about light.

Chapter 40 ~ Plant Nutrition and the Practice of Agriculture 842
Plants require a common set of nutrients, which they obtain primarily through chemical processes in the soil ecosystem; this fact has implications for agriculture.

Part VII - Animal Biology 865

Chapter 41 ~ Integration and Control Systems 866
Animals depend upon internal communication circuits through nerves, hormones, and local chemical mediators.

Chapter 42 ~ The Structure of Nervous Systems 890
Most types of animals have a central nervous system, including a brain, that is responsible for their behavior patterns.

Chapter 43 ~ Sensory Receptors and Perception 912
Animals receive information about their environment through a variety of receptors that respond to light, sound, specific compounds, and other stimuli.

Chapter 44 ~ Skeleton and Muscle 932
Animals move by means of muscles arranged around a skeleton, which may be internal, external, or hydrostatic.

Chapter 45 ~ Circulation and Gas Exchange 950
A circulatory system supplies nutrients to and removes wastes from an animal's tissues, especially by exchanging O2 and CO2.

Chapter 46 ~ Excretion and Osmotic Balance 976
Animals generally have special organs for maintaining osmotic balance and removing their wastes, particularly nitrogenous wastes.

Chapter 47 ~ Digestion, Assimilation, and Nutrition 994
Animals obtain their nutrients from a digestive system, and they have mechanisms for distributing and regulating those nutrients.

Chapter 48 ~ Animal Defense Systems: Inflammation and Immunity 1016
To prevent infections, many animals have various nonspecific defenses as well as the specific defenses provided by the immune system.

Chapter 49 ~ Fundamentals of Animal Behavior 1040
Most animals exhibit complex behavior patterns, mostly encoded in their nervous systems but supplemented by some learned behaviors.

Chapter 50 ~ Social Behavior 1059
Many animals live in societies of various kinds, some structured by fixed-action patterns and others that depend on cultural traditions.

Chapter 51 ~ Sexual Behavior and Reproduction 1080
The most critical behaviors in an animal's life cycle are those leading to reproduction, which may be regulated by complex hormonal interactions.

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