1a. Fish
b Algae
c. Birds
d. "Bugs" (insects)
e. Microbes (bacteria, etc.)
f. Plants
2. Answers may vary but in general they should include something about physical relationships between organisms or groups of organisms.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Two kingdoms -- Not all microscopic life fits definition of plant or animal.
Three kingdoms -- Problem with the fungi.
Four kingdoms -- Lumping of prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes.
Five kingdom system is probably insufficient because of the archaea.
5. Whittaker's four-kingdom system recognized plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Copeland's four-kingdom system recognized plants, animals, monera (prokaryotes), and protoctista (eukaryotes that were neither plant nor animal).
6. The archaea do not fit with either the prokaryotes or the eukaryotes.
7a. Mutualism
b. Parasitism
c. This is a variable one, depending on the perspective of the organisms. The answer is mutualism, if one considers that the cattle benefit (because they move away from the predators) and the birds benefit (because they can eat the grasshoppers). However, since the predator is probably going to attack the herd anyway, it might be said that only the bird benefits. In that case, the answer is commensalism. On the other hand, from the perspective of the grasshopper, this is definitely parasitism!
d. This is best described as commensalism, though an argument could be made for mutualism.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. The future has always been built on the past and present.
2. The archaea (the third domain) do not fit neatly into one of the five kingdoms.
3. Of course this would depend on what type of classification was being used. But, in general, molecular data is used to discern relationships between species. Molecular data form the heart of genetics and subsequently evolution.
4. Answers will vary. Read the legend by Figure 21.4.
5. Physical limitations of being able to find all species.
6. Answers will vary.
7. Molecular evidence.
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