1. Answers will vary but should include nitrogen fixation, decomposition, food supply.
2. Answers will vary. Keep in mind that an enrichment culture can never totally copy nature.
3. Size, shape, metabolism, reproduction, staining characteristics, nutritional sources, etc.
4. Signature sequences are short stretches of nucleotides unique to certain taxonomic groups.
5. Gram-positive cells retain crystal violet upon being washed with alcohol. This is due to the make-up of the cell wall.
6. Definitions in text.
7. The endospore is a protective mechanism allowing the cell to survive under harsh environmental conditions.
8. Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, whereas most archaeal cell walls consist primarily of glycoprotein. The lipids that form the cell membranes are also different, both in the types of covalent bonds and in the organization of the lipid bilayers. (** You may need to remind the students that the cell wall and the cell membrane are two different structures!)
9. Legionellosis == airborne
Bubonic plague == arthropod vector (flea)
Lyme disease == arthropod vector (deer tick)
Cholera == waterborne
10. Probably a bacterium because peptidoglycan is characteristic of most bacterial cells. The carbon dioxide requirement is characteristic of autotrophs and autotrophs using carbon dioxide can be found among both bacterial cells and archaean cells.
11. Both have a spiral shape.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. Culture the microorganism
Identify a pathogen-specific toxin
Detect specific anitbodies
Use DNA probes
2. PCR multiplies the segment in question, regardless of whether or not the segment is "alive."
3. Answers will vary but one answer should probably be in the animal intestine. (Some student may say these can coexist in the laboratory!)
4. See pages 451 and 452.
5. Answers will vary but probably the best answers will include something about metabolic diversity.
6. Probably archaeans because of their ability to metabolize methane and withstand environmental extremes. Their metabolic pathways, cell walls, and reproductive strategies should be studied further.
7. Excise of the phage.
8. Answers will vary.
9. Answers will vary.
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