1. A hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid filled tissue.
An exoskeleton is an external framework.
An endoskeleton is an internal framework.
Examples of each will vary but could include a worm, a crab, and a human respectively. Other answers are possible.
2. Answers for the advantages and disadvantages of the jointed exoskeleton over the shell will vary. Answers for the advantage of the endoskeleton over the jointed exoskeleton will also vary but most will include methods of growth.
3. Support, lever system, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage.
4. Mold for future bone formation. Protection.
5. Collagen and minerals. Collagen is strong, flexible, and elastic. Minerals are rigid. Without collagen, the bone would be brittle. Without minerals, the bone could be tied in knots.
6. Blood vessels are found in the bone canals. The blood brings nourishment to the cells. Cells, replete with communicating cytoplasmic extensions, are found in lacunae within the bone matrix.
7. Spongy bone has many spaces between bony struts. Compact bone is more solid. Red marrow produces blood cells. Yellow marrow stores fat.
8. Cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates divide and push bone progeny cells out where they calcify forming bone. (Some students may have learned the more complex version of the ossification process.)
9. Answers will vary but certainly should include actin and myosin.
10. Answers will vary.
11. Definitions can be found in text.
12 a. Muscles contract on nervous stimulation.
b. Muscles need to push against the skeleton.
c. Muscles aid in circulation. Muscle cells
are also nourished by the circulatory system.
13. There are several depths at which this question can be answered. See page 700. The simplest answer is aerobic respiration.
14. Answers will vary.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. Genetics will dictate the specifics. Environment plays a role in determining which developmental adaptations can survive and where.
2. One possible explanation: Genetically, if the information for building the collagen isn't there, it won't be built. If the collagen is missing, the bone will be brittle.
3. Possible answer: Female adult, male adult, female child, male child.
4. Any logical answer could be a method of getting the chemical to the tumor. Sharks are cartilaginous fish. Rats have relatively small amounts of cartilage.
5. Cartilage needs the movement of fluids for diffusion of nutrients.
6. Fluid is the major component of the hydrotatic skeleton. Muscles act against the fluid. Fluid is part of the cartilage matrix. Fluid fills the synovial joint.
7. Answers will vary but should include reduced movement.
8. Answers will vary but should include ease of movement.
9. Induced hypertrophy is not genetic. (Of course, someone may argue that the genetics for developing the induced hypertrophy would have to be there. One could also argue that the father is setting an example and that could influence the children to work on their own hypertrophy. Those arguments are beyond the scope of the question.)
10. Physiologically, no. Psychologically, yes. Why's will vary with the specifics of the answers given.
11. Answers will vary.
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