1. Get oxygen in; get carbon dioxide out.
2. External respiration gets the oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide out of the body; aerobic cellular respiration uses the oxygen at the cellular level and gives off the carbon dioxide as a waste product.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, into capillary, red blood cell
5. Hairs, mucus, ciliated epithelium
6. See page 740.
7. About 99% of the oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The remaining oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
8. See page 742.
9. About 70% of the carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion dissolved in the plasma; about 23% is transported on the hemoglobin molecule; about 7% is dissolved as gaseous carbon dioxide in the plasma.
10. See page 744.
11. Carbon dioxide level.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. One answer: Body temperature will prevent the lungs from freezing.
2. Nasal passages supply moisture to incoming air.
3. Healthy pink. No pollutants.
4. Answers will vary on diagnosis explaining symptoms. Tracheostomy might have worked.
5. As soon as you faint, normal breathing returns.
6. Decreased oxygen levels; athletes not acclimated.
7. Phlegm and other substances won't be coughed up.
8. Probable answer: Emphysema
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