1. Calorie
2. See list on page 110.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Specific examples will vary but the underlying principle is that an organism cannot do more than it has the energy for and that without the input of energy, the organism will cease to function.
5. Endergonic reactions require energy; exergonic reactions give off energy.
6. Answers will vary.
7. Heat cannot do work at the cellular level. (Other answers may be possible.)
8. Anabolic reactions require energy input, construct larger molecules from smaller ones, and include pathways that diverge to form many end products from the same precursors. Catabolic reactions give off energy, break down larger molecules into smaller ones, and include pathways that converge to form the same end products from many varied precursors.
9. Chemical equilibrium, like any equilibrium, is a steady state of existence. Build-up and break-down is going on, but the net effect is always the same. Two way chemical reactions reach a state of equilibrium where the amount of products and substrates present are constant, even though build-up and break-down are continuous.
10. Exchange is always involved. For instance, if one substance loses an electron, another substance gains the electron.
11. Answers will vary.
12. All are nucleotide molecules based on adenine. (Other answers may be possible.)
13. Enzymes lower the activation energy.
14. Negative feedback, positive feedback, engaging a regulatory enzyme.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. The organization of life is consistent with the principles of thermodynamics because energy is constantly being transformed and pumped into the system and without the input of energy, the organization of the system is depleted.
2. Answers might include: common evolution, common chemical basis, common external or environmental pressures. Other answers are possible.
3. Cytochrome c is absolutely essential for life as we know it.
4. Negative feedback.
5. This might have decreased transformation of energy, particularly in those organisms requiring some form of catalysis by a naturally occurring heat source.
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