1. Breathing and cellular respiration both involve gas exchange. Breathing involves the physical taking in of oxygen and giving off of carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration involves the chemical exchange of gases at the cellular level.
2. From the breakdown of one molecule of glucose, aerobic respiration yields 34 molecules of ATP while glycolysis alone has a net yield of just 2 ATP's and 2 NADH's.
3. Substrate-level phosphorylation tranfers phosphate from organic compounds to ADP, forming ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxidation-reduction reactions to trigger the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
4. See Figures 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, and 7.14.
5. a. Glycolysis
b. Acetyl CoA formation
c. Krebs cycle
d. Respiratory chain / chemiosmosis
6. Answers will vary but should include the double membrane.
7. Oxaloacetic acid.
8. As a single step reaction, this process would probably release a damaging amount of heat.
9. See page 137.
10. Oxygen enters the pathways at the very end of the electron transport (respiratory) chain. Oxygen is the final electron receptor. Water is produced.
11. For the number, see Table 7.3. The number is theoretical because no machine works at 100% efficiency.
12. Aerobe -- requires oxygen
Anaerobe -- requires no oxygen
Facultative anaerobe -- has both aerobic and
anaerobic pathways
13. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process. Product backup (negataive feedback) would stop the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain because oxygen is needed to keep the production line going.
14. Answers may vary.
15. Alcohol fermentation.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. Cytochrome c in its accepted form is essential for living organisms as we know them.
2. Lactic acid build-up.
3. Answers will vary but should include information about fructose and glucose accumulation, as well as speculation about low energy (ATP) production.
4. The bodybuilder probably has the higher metabolic rate because of the continuous energy burn. He needs the higher rate.
5. There is more room to carry these products. Also, these cells do not need to metabolize. (Note: only mature red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria. Immature RBC's do indeed have these organelles.)
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