1a. Telophase
b. Prophase
c. Anaphase
d. Metaphase
2a. Karyokinesis = nuclear division
Cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division
b. Replicated chromosome = chromosome that has gone through the S phase.
Unreplicated chromosome = chromosome between anaphase and the next S phase.
c. Centromere = Part of chromosome that joins 2 chromatids.
Centrosome = area around the centriole
d. Oncogene = induces abnormal growth
Tumor suppressor gene = prevents abnormal growth
e. Cyclin = provides checkpoint to determine if cell is to divide
Kinase = activates protein by adding phosphate
f. Interphase = anything but mitosis
Mitosis = nuclear division
3a. Growth factors = See list on page 177.
b. Tubulin = building block of microtubules
c. Telomerase = prevents telomeres from shrinking
d. Cyclin = activates genes whose protein products carry out cell division
e. Kinase = activates other proteins by adding phosphate to them
4. Blocked cell division will result in stunted growth. Blocked apoptosis will result in massive overgrowth. [Specifics will depend on extent and location of blockage, as well as stage of development.]
5. See Table 9.2.
6. G1 is the time when the cell carries on most of its life functions.
7. Interphase is the time when the cell is doing its "cell things", from basic metabolism and the manufacturing of cell products, to the duplication of the DNA molecule, to the preparation for mitosis.
8. Answers will vary.
9. Multinucleate cell.
10. See Table 9.4.
11. Active telomerase.
12. Cell division slows down or ceases when the cell is in contact with other cells or with an object such as a culture dish.
13. See the functions of hormones and growth factors (extracellular) and kinases and cyclins (internal), pp. 176-177.
14. Gene activation (of oncogenes) and gene inactivation (of tumor suppressor genes) both can lead to abnormal cell growth, which can be cancer.
TO THINK ABOUT
1. Based on the assumption that all cells in this sample are cycling at the same rate, this becomes a matter of simple math.
2. Approximately 31.
3. Intestinal cells and blood cells.
4. Karyokinesis without cytokinesis.
5. Set up baseline telomerase activity and then do comparative studies.
6. This is an ongoing source that can be tested and worked with.
7. The tumor cells were not identical. Some were at a more degenerate stage than others.
8. Just because a tumor is benign does not mean it cannot grow and do harm. Benign tumors do not travel and they do maintain their identity. A benign tumor can block normal life functions and thus be lethal.
9. The basal cell is the one that keeps dividing.
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