Chapter 44 Lecture Enrichment Ideas


  • Compare the amount of oxygen needed by an animal with little movement versus an animal that moves about a lot, and discuss how the respiratory system is adapted for those needs. In particular, comparisons should be made between invertebrates (such as a hydra or an earthworm) versus flying insects, and between ectothermic vertebrates such as a frog and an endothermic bird that must metabolize ten times more food.
  • Diagram why a countercurrent exchange mechanism in a fish's gills allows maximal efficiency in absorbing oxygen from the water. This can be related to the same concept seen in the next chapter in the function of the kidney.
  • Consider why a bird has a complete ventilation method but a mammal does not; consider what different metabolic requirements might have led birds to develop their more efficient mechanism over time.
  • Query students on the consequence of our wearing our lung on the outside as one large flat gill surface exposed to the air; what would be the consequences for moving it down the hallway, for drying out, for infection, etc.
  • Before our understanding of the various forms of lung diseases and disorders, the term "consumption" was used for lung ailments now detailed by causative agent in the textbook; this is an excellent opportunity to show how our progress parallels the preciseness of our scientific language.


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