Chapter 28 Outline
Kingdom Animalia: Introduction to Invertebrates
Animal diversity from sponges to roundworms is discussed
with reference to the evolution of multicellularity, tissue layers,
bilateral symmetry, and the coelom.
Chapter Outline
In this chapter outline, the learning objectives
and the selected key terms are given for each major head in the
chapter.
How Animals Evolved and Are Classified (p. 466)
1. List the characteristics of animals.
2. Draw a phylogenetic tree that shows the nine major animal phyla.
Selected Key Terms: invertebrate, asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral
symmetry, sessile, coelom
Multicellularity Evolves (p. 468)
3. Describe the way of life and the anatomical features of sponges.
sponge, sessile filter feeder, spicule
Two Tissue Layers Evolve (p. 470)
4. Describe comb jellies in general and cnidaria (hydras) in particular, including
their body forms and other anatomical features.
mesoglea, cnidarian, nematocyst, gastrovascular cavity, hydra
Bilateral Symmetry Evolves (p. 474)
5. Describe ribbon worms in general and flatworms in particular, using a
free-living planarian as an example.
6. Describe the life cycle of flukes and tapeworms, emphasizing anatomical
changes that accompany the parasitic way of life.
sac body plan, tube-within-a-tube body plan, flatworm, cephalization,
hermaphroditic, schistosomiasis, scolex, proglottid, cyst
A Pseudocoelom Evolves (p. 478)
7. Describe rotifers in general and roundworms in particular, including their way of
life and anatomical features.
8. Compare the phyla in terms of body plan, type of symmetry, number of tissue
layers, level of organization, and presence of coelom.
pseudocoelom, roundworm, trichinosis, elephantiasis
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