In this chapter outline, the learning objectives
and the selected key terms are given for each major head in the
chapter.
1. Distinguish among breathing, external respiration, and internal respiration.
How Animals Exchange Gases (p. 684)
2. Describe the mechanism of gas exchange in a hydra and a planarian.
3. Compare the respiratory organs of aquatic and terrestrial animals.
4. Compare the various methods for ventilating the lungs among terrestrial vertebrates.
5. Compare the incomplete method of ventilation used by amphibians, reptiles,
and mammals with the complete method used by birds.
Selected Key Terms: gill, lung, rib cage, diaphragm, thoracic cavity, inhalation, exhalation
How Humans Exchange Gases (p. 688)
6. Describe the path of air in humans, and describe in general the structure and
the function of all organs mentioned.
7. Describe the breathing process and how the breathing rate is controlled in humans.
8. Give the equations applicable to the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues,
and tell how the gases are transported in the blood.
pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, epiglottis, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, hemoglobin, bicarbonate ion, carbonic anhydrase
Keeping the Respiratory Tract Healthy (p. 692)
9. List two common infections of the respiratory tract, and discuss five disorders
of the lungs.
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