Chapter 40 Outline

Excretory System

Comparative excretory products and excretory organs are discussed before the human urinary system is described. The role of the kidney in homeostasis is also included in this chapter.

Chapter Outline

In this chapter outline, the learning objectives and the selected key terms are given for each major head in the chapter.

Excretion Is for Homeostasis (p. 698)

1. Relate the excretion of ammonia, urea, and uric acid to an animal's

environment.

2. Give examples of how various animals regulate the water and salt balance of

the body.

3. Contrast the manner in which marine bony fishes and freshwater bony fishes

regulate the water and salt content of the blood.

Selected Key Terms: urea, uric acid

Animals Have Organs of Excretion (p. 701)

4. Compare the operation of planarian flame cells, earthworm nephridia, insect

Malpighian tubules, and human kidneys.

nephridium, Malpighian tubule

Humans Have a Urinary System (p. 702)

5. Trace the path of urine in humans, and describe in general the structure and

the function of each organ mentioned.

6. List the parts of the kidney nephron, and relate these to the macroscopic anatomy

of the kidney.

7. Describe the three steps in urine formation, and relate these to the parts of the

nephron.

8. Explain the countercurrent mechanism by which water is reabsorbed by the

nephron.

9. Describe how water excretion is regulated and how the pH of the blood is

adjusted by the kidneys.

10. Explain, in general, how an artificial kidney machine works.

kidney, urine, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, nephron, glomerular capsule,

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of the nephron, distal convoluted tubule,

collecting duct, glomerulus, ADH (antidiuretic hormone), aldosterone

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