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| Information Center |
Table of Contents
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Chapter 1: A View of Life 1 1.1 How to Define Life 2 Living Things Are Organized 2 Living Things Acquire Materials and Energy 3 Living Things Respond 3 Living Things Reproduce and Develop 4 Living Things Have Adaptations 4 A Closer Look: Evolution: The GUT of Biology 5 1.2 How the Biosphere Is Organized 6 Tropical Rain Forest, a Terrestrial Ecosystem 6 Ecology Focus Tropical Rain Forests: Can We Live Without Them? 9 The Human Population 7 1.3 How Living Things Are Classified 8 1.4 The Process of Science 9 A Field Investigation 9 A Laboratory Investigation 10 The Scientific Method 12 Scientific Theories in Biology 00 Connecting Concepts 13 Summary 13 Reviewing the Chapter 13 Testing Yourself 14 Thinking Scientifically 14 Bioethical Issue 14 Understanding the Terms 15 Web Connections 15 Further Readings for Chapter One 15 Exploring the Internet 00 Part I: The Cell 16 Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry 17 2.1 Chemical Elements 18 2.2 Compounds and Molecules 22 2.3 Chemistry of Water 25 Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic Molecules 33 3.1 Organic Molecules 34 3.2 Carbohydrates 37 3.3 Lipids 40 3.4 Proteins 44 3.5 Nucleic Acids 48 Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function 55 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization 56 4.2 Bacterial Cells 60 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 61 Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function 79 5.1 Membrane Models 80 5.2 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function 81 5.3 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 84 5.4 Modification of Cell Surfaces 92 Chapter 6: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 97 6.1 Energy 98 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations 100 6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes 102 6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation-Reduction 106 Chapter 7: Photosynthesis 111 7.1 Solar Energy 112 7.2 Structure and Function of Chloroplasts 114 7.3 Solar Energy Capture 116 7.4 Carbohydrate Synthesis 119 Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration 127 8.1 Cellular Respiration 128 8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis 130 8.3 Inside the Mitochondria 134 8.4 Fermentation 137 8.5 Metabolic Pool 139 Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction 143 9.1 How Prokaryotic Cells Divide 144 9.2 How Eukaryotic Cells Divide 145 9.3 How Eukaryotic Cells Cycle 150 9.4 How Cancer Develops 152 Part II: Genetic Basis of Life 158 Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction 159 10.1 Halving the Chromosome Number 160 10.2 Genetic Recombination 162 10.3 Meiosis Has Phases 164 10.4 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis 166 10.5 Viewing the Human Life Cycle 168 Chapter 11: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance 173 11.1 Gregor Mendel 174 11.2 Monohybrid Inheritance 176 11.3 Dihybrid Inheritance 181 Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Genes 187 12.1 Mendelism and the Genotype 188 12.2 Mendelism and the Chromosomes 192 12.3 Chromosomal Mutations 196 Chapter 13: Human Genetics 201 13.1 Inheritance of Chromosomes 202 13.2 Autosomal Genetic Disorders 208 13.3 Sex-Linked Genetic Disorders 215 Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Functions 221 14.1 The Genetic Material 222 14.2 The Structure of DNA 225 14.3 Replication of DNA 228 Chapter 15: Gene Activity: How Genes Work 235 15.1 The Function of Genes 236 15.2 The Genetic Code 239 15.3 The First Step: Transcription 240 15.4 The Second Step: Translations 242 Chapter 16: Genome Organization and Regulation of Gene Activity 251 16.1 Prokaryotic Regulation 252 16.2 Eukaryotic Regulation 254 16.3 Genetic Mutations 260 Chapter 17: Biotechnology 269 17.1 Cloning of a Gene 270 17.2 Biotechnology Products 274 17.3 The Human Genome Project 275 17.4 Gene Therapy 278 Part III: Evolution 284 Chapter 18: Darwin and Evolution 285 18.1 History of the Theory of Evolution 286 18.2 Darwin's Theory of Evolution 289 18.3 Evidence for Evolution 296 Chapter 19: Process of Evolution 303 19.1 Evolution in a Genetic Context 304 19.2 Natural Selection 310 19.3 Speciation 314 Chapter 20: Origin and History of Life 323 20.1 Origin of Life 325 20.2 History of Life 328 20.3 Factors That Influence Evolution 338 Chapter 21: Human Evolution 347 21.1 Humans Are Primates 348 21.2 Evolution of Australopithecines 349 21.3 Evolution of Humans 354 Part IV: Behavior and Ecology 366 Chapter 22: Animal Behavior 367 22.1 Behavior Has a Genetic Basis 368 22.2 Behavior Undergoes Development 370 22.3 Behavior Is Adaptive 372 22.4 Animal Societies 376 22.5 Sociobiology and Animal Behavior 378 Chapter 23: Ecology of Populations 383 23.1 Scope of Ecology 384 23.2 Characteristics of Populations 386 23.3 Regulation of Population Size 392 23.4 Life History Patterns 396 23.5 Human Population Growth 399 Chapter 24: Community Ecology 405 24.1 Concept of the Community 406 24.2 Structure of the Community 409 24.3 Community Development 420 24.4 Community Biodiversity 422 Chapter 25: Ecosystems and Human Interferences 427 25.1 The Nature of Ecosystems 428 25.2 Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling 430 25.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 434 Chapter 26: The Biosphere 443 26.1 Climate and the Biosphere 444 26.2 Biomes of the World 449 26.3 Terrestrial Biomes 451 26.4 Aquatic Biomes 459 Chapter 27: Human Impact on the Global Environment 471 27.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity 472 27.2 Value of Biodiversity 474 27.3 Causes of Extinction 476 27.4 Conservation Techniques 478 Part V: Diversity of Life 490 Chapter 28: Classification of Living Things 491 28.1 Taxonomy 492 28.2 Phylogenetic Trees 496 28.3 Systematics Today 502 28.4 Classification Systems 000 Chapter 29: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea 507 29.1 The Viruses 508 29.2 The Prokaryotes 513 29.3 The Bacteria 517 29.4 The Archea 519 Chapter 30: The Protists 523 30.1 General Biology of the Protists 524 30.2 Diversity of the Protists 530 Chapter 31: The Fungi 539 31.1 Fungi Characteristics 540 31.2 Fungi Classification 542 31.3 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi 549 Chapter 32: The Plants 00 32.1 Classification of Plants 554 32.2 Nonvascular Plants 555 32.3 Vascular Plants 558 32.4 Ferns and Allies 560 32.5 Gymnosperms 564 32.6 Angiosperms 567 Chapter 33: Animals: Introduction to Invertebrates 575 33.1 Classification of Animals 576 33.2 Multicellularity 578 33.3 Two Tissue Layers 580 33.4 Bilateral Symmetry 584 33.5 A Pseudocoelom 588 Chapter 34: Animals: The Protostomes 593 34.1 A Coelom 594 34.2 Molluscs 596 34.3 Annelids 600 34.4 Arthropods 603 Chapter 35: Animals: The Deuterostomes 613 35.1 Echinoderms 614 35.2 Chordates 616 35.3 Vertebrates 619 Part VI: Plant Structure and Function 636 Chapter 36: Plant Structure 637 36.1 Plant Organs 638 36.2 Monocot Versus Dicot Plants 640 36.3 Plant Tissues 641 36.4 Organization of Roots 644 36.5 Organization of Stems 648 36.6 Organization of Leaves 654 Chapter 37: Nutrition and Transport in Plants 659 37.1 Plant Nutrition and Soil 660 37.2 Uptake of Water and Minerals 664 37.3 Transport Mechanisms in Plants 670 Chapter 38: Control of Plant Growth and Responses 675 38.1 Plant Responses 676 38.2 Plant Hormones 680 38.3 Photoperiodism 688 Chapter 39: Reproduction in Plants 693 39.1 Life Cycle of Flowering Plants 694 39.2 Development of the Embryo 701 39.3 Fruit and Seeds 702 39.4 Asexual Reproduction in Plants 708 Part VII: Animal Structure and Function 716 Chapter 40: Animal Organization and Homeostasis 717 40.1 Types of Tissues 718 40.2 Organs and Organ Systems 724 40.3 Homeostasis 728 Chapter 41: Circulation 733 41.1 Transport in Invertebrates 734 41.2 Transport in Vertebrates 736 41.3 Transport in Humans 738 41.4 Cardiovascular Disorders 744 41.5 Blood a Transport Medium 747 Chapter 42: Lymph Transport and Immunity 755 42.1 Lymphatic System 756 42.2 Nonspecific Defenses Are Nonspecific 758 42.3 Specific Defenses 760 42.4 Immunity in Other Animals 767 42.5 Induced Immunity 769 42.6 Immunity Side Effects 000 Chapter 43: Digestion and Nutrition 773 43.1 Digestive Tracts 774 43.2 Human Digestive Tract 777 43.3 Nutrition 784 Chapter 44: Respiration 789 44.1 Gas Exchange Surfaces 790 44.2 Human Respiratory System 794 44.3 Respiration and Health 798 Chapter 45: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretion 803 45.1 Body Fluid Regulation 804 45.2 Nitrogenous Waste Products 806 45.3 Organs of Excretion 807 45.4 Urinary System in Humans 808 Chapter 46: Neurons and Nervous Systems 817 46.1 Evolution of the Nervous System 818 46.2 Nervous Tissue 823 46.3 Peripheral Nervous System 825 46.4 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 830 Chapter 47: Sense Organs 839 47.1 Chemical Senses 840 47.2 Sense of Vision 842 47.3 Sense of Hearing and Balance 000 Chapter 48: Support Systems and Locomotion 855 48.1 Diversity of Skeletons 856 48.2 The Human Skeletal System 859 48.3 The Human Muscular System 865 Chapter 49: Hormones and Endocrine Systems 873 49.1 Chemical Signals 874 49.2 Human Endocrine System 877 Chapter 50: Reproduction 893 50.1 How Animals Reproduce 894 50.2 Male Reproductive System 898 50.3 Female Reproductive System 902 50.4 Control of Reproduction 906 Chapter 51: Development 913 51.1 Early Development Stages 914 51.2 Development Processes 918 51.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development 922 Appendix A Answer Key 932 Glossary G-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1 
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