Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
Teaching and Learning Aids xii
The Learning System xiv
Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1
1.1 The Scientific Process 2
1.2 The Characteristics of Life 7
1.3 The Classification of Living Things 13
Cell Biology 17
Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells 19
2.1 Elements and Atoms 20
2.2 Molecules and Compounds 23
2.3 Water and Living Things 26
2.4 Organic Molecules 31
2.5 Carbohydrates 32
2.6 Lipids 34
2.7 Proteins 37
2.8 Nucleic Acids 40
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 45
3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization 46
3.2 Eukaryotic Cells 49
3.3 Prokaryotic Cells 62
3.4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell 63
Chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function 67
4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function 68
4.2 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 72
4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis 73
4.4 Transport by Carrier Proteins 76
4.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis 78
Chapter 5 Cell Division 83
5.1 Maintaining the Chromosome Number 84
5.2 Mitosis in Detail 88
5.3 Reducing the Chromosome Number 92
5.4 Meiosis in Detail 94
5.5 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis 96
5.6 The Human Life Cycle 98
Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 103
6.1 Energy 104
6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations 106
6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes 108
6.4 Metabolic Pathways and Oxidation-Reduction 112
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration 117
7.1 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 118
7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis 120
7.3 Inside the Mitochondria 122
7.4 Metabolic Pool and Biosynthesis 127
7.5 Fermentation 129
Plant Biology 133
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis 135
8.1 Radiant Energy 136
8.2 Structure and Function of Chloroplasts 138
8.3 Solar Energy Capture 140
8.4 Carbohydrate Synthesis 143
8.5 Other Aspects of Photosynthesis 145
8.6 Photosynthesis Versus Aerobic Cellular Respiration 147
Chapter 9 Plant Organization and Growth 151
9.1 The Flowering Plant 152
9.2 Plant Tissues and Cells 154
9.3 Organization of Roots 156
9.4 Organization of Stems 158
9.5 Organization of Leaves 163
9.6 Modified Roots, Stems, and Leaves 164
Chapter 10 Plant Physiology and Reproduction 169
10.1 Water and Mineral Transport 170
10.2 Organic Nutrient Transport 174
10.3 Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli 176
10.4 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 180
10.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flower Plants 186
Maintenance of the Human Body 191
Chapter 11 Human Organization 193
11.1 Types of Tissues 194
11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes 201
11.3 Organ Systems 202
11.4 Skin as an Organ System 204
11.5 Homeostasis 208
Chapter 12 Digestive System and Nutrition 213
12.1 The Digestive System 214
12.2 Three Accessory Organs 222
12.3 Digestive Enzymes 224
12.4 Nutrition 226
Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System 239
13.1 The Blood Vessels 240
13.2 The Heart 242
13.3 The Vascular Pathways 246
13.4 Blood 249
13.5 Cardiovascular Disorders 256
Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity 263
14.1 Lymphatic System 264
14.2 Nonspecific Defenses 266
14.3 Specific Defenses 268
14.4 Induced Immunity 274
14.5 Immunity Side Effects 276
Chapter 15 Respiratory System 283
15.1 Respiratory Tract 284
15.2 Mechanism of Breathing 288
15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body 292
15.4 Respiration and Health 295
Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion 303
16.1 Urinary System 304
16.2 The Kidneys 307
16.3 Urine Formation 311
16.4 Maintaining Water-Salt Balance 312
16.5 Maintaining Acid-Base Balance 315
Integration and Control of the Human Body 319
Chapter 17 Nervous System 321
17.1 Neurons and How They Work 322
17.2 Peripheral Nervous System 328
17.3 Central Nervous System 332
17.4 The Cerebral Hemispheres 336
17.5 Higher Mental Functions 338
17.6 Drug Abuse 341
Chapter 18 Senses 347
18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 348
18.2 Somatic Senses 350
18.3 Chemical Senses 352
18.4 Sense of Vision 354
18.5 Sense of Hearing 362
18.6 Sense of Balance 365
Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System 369
19.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Bones 370
19.2 Bones of the Skeleton 373
19.3 Skeletal Muscles 381
19.4 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction 385
19.5 Whole Muscle Contraction 388
19.6 Exercise and Muscle Contraction 391
Chapter 20 Endocrine System 395
20.1 Environmental Signals 396
20.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 400
20.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 403
20.4 Adrenal Glands 405
20.5 Pancreas 408
20.6 Other Endocrine Glands 411
Continuance of the Species 417
Chapter 21 Reproductive System 419
21.1 Male Reproductive System 420
21.2 Female Reproductive System 424
21.3 Female Hormone Levels 427
21.4 Control of Reproduction 431
21.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 435
Chapter 22 Development 443
22.1 Early Developmental Stages 444
22.2 Differentiation and Morphogenesis 448
22.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development 451
22.4 Human Development after Birth 463
Chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance 469
23.1 Mendel's Laws 470
23.2 Genetic Disorders 478
23.3 Beyond Mendel's Laws 481
Chapter 24 Patterns of Chromosomal Inheritance 487
24.1 Inheritance of Chromosomes 488
24.2 Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes 492
24.3 Sex-Linked Inheritance 496
24.4 Linked Genes 500
Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 505
25.1 DNA Structure and Replication 506
25.2 Gene Expression 510
25.3 Control of Gene Expression 517
25.4 Gene Mutations 520
25.5 Cancer: A Failure of Genetic Control 522
Chapter 26 Biotechnology 529
26.1 Cloning of a Gene 530
26.2 Biotechnology Products 534
26.3 The Human Genome Project 538
26.4 Gene Therapy 539
Evolution and Diversity 545
Chapter 27 Origin and Evolution of Life 547
27.1 Origin of Life 548
27.2 Evidence of Evolution 551
27.3 Process of Evolution 556
27.4 Speciation 565
Chapter 28 Microbiology 573
28.1 Viruses 574
28.2 Kingdom Monera 577
28.3 Kingdom Protista 583
28.4 Kingdom Fungi 591
Chapter 29 Plants 599
29.1 Characteristics of Plants 600
29.2 Nonvascular Plants 602
29.3 Seedless Vascular Plants 604
29.4 Seed Plants 608
Chapter 30 Animals: Part I 617
30.1 Evolution and Classification of Animals 618
30.2 Introducing the Invertebrates 621
30.3 Mollusks 628
30.4 Annelids 631
30.5 Arthropods 634
Chapter 31 Animals: Part II 643
31.1 Echinoderms 644
31.2 Chordates 646
31.3 Vertebrates 649
31.4 Human Evolution 659
Behavior and Ecology 669
Chapter 32 Animal Behavior 671
32.1 Genetic Basis of Behavior 672
32.2 Development of Behavior 674
32.3 Adaptiveness of Behavior 676
32.4 Animal Societies 680
32.5 Sociobiology and Animal Behavior 683
Chapter 33 Population Ecology 687
33.1 Scope of Ecology 688
33.2 Characteristics of Populations 690
33.3 Regulation of Population Size 692
33.4 Life History Patterns 694
33.5 Human Population Growth 695
Chapter 34 Community Ecology 701
34.1 Community Composition and Diversity 702
34.2 Competition 704
34.3 Predation 707
34.4 Symbiosis 710
34.5 Community Stability and Diversity 712
Chapter 35 Biosphere 717
35.1 Climate and the Biosphere 718
35.2 Biomes of the World 721
35.3 Terrestrial Biomes 722
35.4 Aquatic Biomes 731
Chapter 36 Ecosystems and Human Interferences 743
36.1 The Nature of Ecosystems 744
36.2 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 748
36.3 Human Impact on Biodiversity 756
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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