In the process of natural selection, any characteristic that is novel and beneficial confers a competitive advantage upon its owner. Seed production was a huge advantage over nonseed producers. The flowers of the angiosperms led to dominance, not only over seedless plants, but other seed producers as well. Variations of the flower provided more successful pollination. Modifications of the fruit, which is derived from the carpel, improved seed dispersal and survival. Seed modifications also improved seed dispersal. Flowering plants have potent tools for competition.