How Scientists Think:
Twenty-One Experiments that Have Shaped Our Understanding of Genetics and Molecular Biology
by George Johnson
This concise book is an intriguing way to foster critical thinking and reinforce the scientific method in your biology course. It expands on the experiments offered in Biology, with 21 chapters devoted to discussions ofclassic genetics or molecular biology experiments-many on which the study of biology is founded. Package this book with Biology for a discounted price.
"This short companion is intended to ... provide students with a closer look at some key experiments, as a way of learning how a proper experiment is put together, of seeing how a control works, of appreciating the raw originality that sometimes adds flavor and excitement to science-and, above all, of seeing how science is really done. Clean, clear thinking lies at the heart of every good experiment.
I have increasingly come to believe that Charles Yanofsky had it right-that the best way to understand science in general is to study science in particular. Exposed to one experimental problem in detail, the student learns far more than just the details of the particular experiment. Said simply, the student learns how the experimenter thinks. Learning how a successful experiment was put together teaches the logic of scientific inquiry, the very heart of the science."
...from the Preface of How Scientists Think, by George B. Johnson
Contents
- Preface
- 1. ANFINSEN - Amino Acid Sequence Determines Protein Shape
- Anfinsen's Experiment
- Unfolding Ribonuclease
- Refolding Ribonuclease
- Why Ribonuclease Refolded the Way It Did
- 2. MORGAN - Genes Are Located on Chromosomes
- Variation in Independent Assortment
- Enter Drosophila melanogaster
- Morgan's Historic Fruit Fly Crosses
- X and Y Chromosomes
- Sex Linkage
- 3. MORGAN - Genes on the Same Chromosome Do Not Assort Independently
- Deviations from Mendel's Predicted Ratios
- Testing de Vries's Hypothosis
- Coupling vs. Repulsion
- Linkage Reflects Physical Association of Genes
- 4. STURTEVANT - The First Genetic Map: Drosophila X Chromosome
- Linked Genes May Be Mapped by Three-Factor Test Crosses
- Sturtevant's Experiment
- Analyzing Sturtevant's Results
- Interference
- The Three-Point Test Cross in Corn
- 5. McCLINTOCK/STERN - Genetic Recombination Involves Physical Exchange
- The Mechanics of Recombination
- McClintock's Zea mays
- Stern's Drosophila melanogaster
- 6. GRIFFITH/HERSHEY/CHASE - DNA Is the Genetic Material
- Identification of DNA
- DNA and Heredity
- DNA Can Genetically Transform Cells
- Griffith's Experiment
- Hershey and Chase's Experiment
- The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
- 7. MESELSON/STAHL - DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
- Semiconservative Replication
- Conservative Replication
- Semiconservative or Conservative
- Meselson and Stahl's Experiment
- 8. CHAMBON - Discovery of Introns
- When Is a Deletion Not Really a Deletion?
- Chambon's Experiment
- 9. KORNBERG - Isolating DNA Polymerase
- The Polymerization of DNA
- Kornberg's Methods
- Kornberg's Results
- DNA Polymerase
- Poly-II and Poly-III
- 10. OKAZAKI - DNA Synthesis Is Discontinuous
- The Puzzle in the DNA Synthesis Model
- Okazaki's Research
- 11. JACOB/MESELSON/BRENNER - Discovery of Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- How Is Information in DNA Expressed?
- Is the Chromosome a "Protein Template"?
- Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- The Messenger RNA Hypothesis
- The Experiments of Brenner, Jacob, and Meselson
- Confirmation of the mRNA Hypothesis
- 12. SZYBALSKI - Only One Strand of DNA Is Translated
- Why Would Only One Strand of DNA Be Translated?
- Szybalski's Experiment
- "Early" and "Late" Genes
- 13. CRICK - The Genetic Code Is Read Three Bases at a Time
- The Genetic Code Has Three Digits
- Do the Codes Overlap?
- Crick's Experiment
- 14. NIRENBERG/KHORANA - Breaking the Genetic Code
- Breaking the Code Required Organic Chemistry
- Information from Random Sequences
- Nirenberg's Experiment
- Khorana's Experiment
- 15. CHAPEVILLE - Proving the tRNA Hypothesis
- How Does Protein Translation Occur?
- Zamecnik's Experiment
- It's tRNA!
- The tRNA Hypothesis
- Chapeville's Experiment
- Confirmation of the Adapter Hypothesis
- 16. DINTZIS - Proteins Are Assembled from One End
- Formation of Peptide Bonds
- Polypeptide Formation Hypothesis
- Experimental Hurdles
- Fingerprinting Hemoglobin Molecules
- Dintzis's Experiment
- 17. JACOB/MONOD - How the Repressor Protein Controls the Iac Operon
- Control of Transcription
- Yudkin's Theory
- What Is the Basis of Enzyme Induction?
- The Inducer Mutant
- Jacob and Monod's Hypothesis
- Jacob and Monod's Experiment
- 18. EPHRUSSI/BEADLE/TATUM - Genes Encode Enzymes
- Garrod's "Inborn Errors of Metabolism"
- Ephrussi and Beadle's Experiment on Drosophila
- Analysis of Meabolic Pathways
- Epistasis and Other Obstacles
- Beadle and Tatum's Experiment on Neurospora
- 19. LURIA/DELBRÜCK - Mutations Occur at Random-the Fluctuation Test
- Darwin's Theory of Selection
- Acquired Characteristics Are Not Inherited
- "Preadaptive" vs. "Postadaptive" Variations
- Luria and Delbrück's Fluctuation Test
- Esther Lederberg's Experiment
- 20. COHEN/BOYER/BERG - The First Genetically Engineered Organism
- Constructing Chimeric Plasmids
- Cohen and Boyer's Experiment
- 21. MULLER - How Common Are Recessive Lethal Mutations in Populations?
- How Are Recessive Lethals Quantified?
- Muller's Tester Strains
- 22. APPENDIX - Probability and Hypothesis Testing in Biology
- Estimating Probability
- Binomial Distributions
- Expected Results vs. Observed Results
- The Normal Distribution
- The t Distribution
- Credits / Index
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