Johnson, The Living World, 2/e

		The Living World, 2/e Johnson
		About the Book

Table of Contents

PART ONE THE STUDY OF LIFE

Chapter 1 The Science of Biology 2

From observation, scientists formulate sets of alternative hypotheses about how the physical world functions, and attempt to disprove some of these hypotheses with controlled experiments.

Chapter 2 Evolution and Ecology 18

The science of biology rests on two key ideas: that biological diversity is the result of evolution by natural selection, and that organisms have evolved ways to live together in ecological systems.

PART TWO THE LIVING CELL

Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Life 42

Organisms are chemical machines, and in order to understand them, we need to learn a little chemistry. Life evolved in water, and much of the chemistry of living things is intimately tied to water.

Chapter 4 Cells 72

Cells are the basic units of life. Although most are too small to see with the naked eye, their inner workings are complex and highly organized.

Chapter 5 Energy and Life 102

All of life's processes are driven by energy. Some cells obtain the energy they need from sunlight, using it to build molecules. Others harvest the energy in biomolecules.

PART THREE THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE

Chapter 6 How Cells Divide 134

To divide, cells first copy their DNA and then physically separate the copies into two daughter cells. In mitosis, daughter cells have the same number of copies as the parent cell; in meiosis, half as many.

Chapter 7 Foundations of Genetics 160

Heredity, the passage of traits from one generation to the next, occurs because information specifying traits resides in chromosomes. The way chromosomes are transmitted determines the pattern of heredity.

Chapter 8 How Genes Work 186

Genes are segments of DNA that encode proteins. Because the actions of proteins determine what we are like, genes are the ultimate units of heredity.

Chapter 9 Gene Technology 210

It is now possible to transfer specific genes from one organism to another. This technology is revolutionizing agriculture and medicine.

PART FOUR THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE

Chapter 10 Evolution and Natural Selection 232

The core theory upon which the science of biology is based is the proposition, advanced by Darwin, that changes in species are the result of natural selection.

Chapter 11 How We Name Living Things 260

Naming organisms is very important in helping us deal with nature. Understanding how organisms are related to one another is not so simple.

Chapter 12 The First Single-Celled Creatures 276

The oldest organisms of which we have any knowledge are bacteria, the simplest, smallest, and most numerous creatures living on earth.

Chapter 13 Advent of the Eukaryotes 300

About 1.5 billion years ago, after 2 billion years in which bacteria had the world to themselves, a far more complex type of organism arose, the eukaryote.

Chapter 14 Evolution of Multicellular Life 320

Fungi are perhaps the most unusual of all multicellular organisms, as their cells share cytoplasm and nuclei.

PART FIVE PLANT LIFE

Chapter 15 Evolution of Plants 336

Plants successfully colonized the land in partnership with symbiotic fungi. The evolution of plants has been marked by the appearance first of vascular plants, then seeds, and finally flowers.

Chapter 16 Plant Form and Function 358

The plant body is basically a vertical tube that grows in length at its tips and, in trees, also in girth. Water is drawn up into the plant shoot from the soil when water vapor evaporates from the leaves.

Chapter 17 Plant Reproduction and Growth 378

Flowering plants employ nectar as a reward to attract insects and other pollinators, which carry the male gametes (pollen) from one flower to another.

PART SIX EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE

Chapter 18 Evolution of the Animal Phyla 398

The evolution of the animal body plan has been marked by a series of innovations that are reflected in the characteristics of the major phyla.

Chapter 19 History of The Vertebrates 436

Vertebrates first evolved in water, where more than half of vertebrate species still live. The move onto land involved many changes in physiology and body structure.

Chapter 20 How Humans Evolved 460

Humans evolved from australopithecines in Africa only a few million years ago. The genus Homo appears to have spread from Africa several times.

PART SEVEN ANIMAL LIFE

Chapter 21 The Animal Body and How It Moves 480

The vertebrate body has the architecture of a crane, with jointed limbs attached to a central skeleton, within which is a protected cavity that contains the body's organs.

Chapter 22 Circulation and Respiration 508

Vertebrates circulate blood through the body by pumping it with the heart. The blood picks up O2 in the lungs and delivers it to the tissues; from the tissues it collects CO2 and carries it back to the lungs.

Chapter 23 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body 538

The digestive tract consists of a series of chambers that form a continuous tube. As food passes through this tube, large molecules in the diet are broken down into smaller bits the body can use.

Chapter 24 How the Animal Body Defends Itself 570

Several types of white blood cells protect the body from infection and eliminate cancer cells. These cells screen the surface of body cells for foreign proteins, and eliminate any cells that contain "nonself" proteins.

Chapter 25 The Nervous System 594

The nervous system regulates the body's activities and its internal condition, using special signaling cells called neurons to transmit information about the body's condition to the brain, and relay commands back.

Chapter 26 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body 626

The body uses chemical signals called hormones to control a wide variety of organs and processes. Many of these hormones are secreted by glands under the direct control of the brain.

Chapter 27 Reproduction and Development 644

Vertebrate reproduction involves the fertilization of a female egg by a male sperm. Hormones regulate the development of the female eggs, and prepare her body to nourish the developing embryo.

PART EIGHT THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 28 Ecosystems 668

Ecology is the study of the way organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. A community of organisms, and the habitat in which they live, is called an ecological system, or ecosystem.

Chapter 29 Living in Ecosystems 696

The species living in an ecosystem have evolved many accommodations to living together. This coevolution has made the members of ecosystems interdependent in many ways.

Chapter 30 Planet Under Stress 726

Our planet faces numerous problems that threaten its future existence, including chemical pollution on a global scale and nonsustainable use of the earth's nonrenewable resources.

Appendix A: Classification of Organisms

Appendix B: Answers to Concept Reviews

Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts

Credits

Index

Back

PART ONE	THE STUDY OF LIFE
Chapter 1	The Science of Biology	2
From observation, scientists formulate sets of alternative hypotheses about how the physical world functions, and attempt to disprove some of these hypotheses with controlled experiments.
Chapter 2	Evolution and Ecology	18
The science of biology rests on two key ideas: that biological diversity is the result of evolution by natural selection, and that organisms have evolved ways to live together in ecological systems.
PART TWO	THE LIVING CELL
Chapter 3	The Chemistry of Life	42
Organisms are chemical machines, and in order to understand them, we need to learn a little chemistry. Life evolved in water, and much of the chemistry of living things is intimately tied to water.
Chapter 4	Cells	72
Cells are the basic units of life. Although most are too small to see with the naked eye, their inner workings are complex and highly organized.
Chapter 5	Energy and Life	102
All of life's processes are driven by energy. Some cells obtain the energy they need from sunlight, using it to build molecules. Others harvest the energy in biomolecules.
PART THREE	THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
Chapter 6	How Cells Divide	134
To divide, cells first copy their DNA and then physically separate the copies into two daughter cells. In mitosis, daughter cells have the same number of copies as the parent cell; in meiosis, half as many.
Chapter 7	Foundations of Genetics	160
Heredity, the passage of traits from one generation to the next, occurs because information specifying traits resides in chromosomes. The way chromosomes are transmitted determines the pattern of heredity.
Chapter 8	How Genes Work	186
Genes are segments of DNA that encode proteins. Because the actions of proteins determine what we are like, genes are the ultimate units of heredity.
Chapter 9	Gene Technology	210
It is now possible to transfer specific genes from one organism to another. This technology is revolutionizing agriculture and medicine.
PART FOUR	THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE
Chapter 10	Evolution and Natural Selection	232
The core theory upon which the science of biology is based is the proposition, advanced by Darwin, that changes in species are the result of natural selection.
Chapter 11	How We Name Living Things	260
Naming organisms is very important in helping us deal with nature. Understanding how organisms are related to one another is not so simple.
Chapter 12	The First Single-Celled Creatures	276
The oldest organisms of which we have any knowledge are bacteria, the simplest, smallest, and most numerous creatures living on earth.
Chapter 13	Advent of the Eukaryotes	300
About 1.5 billion years ago, after 2 billion years in which bacteria had the world to themselves, a far more complex type of organism arose, the eukaryote.
Chapter 14	Evolution of Multicellular Life	320
Fungi are perhaps the most unusual of all multicellular organisms, as their cells share cytoplasm and nuclei.
PART FIVE	PLANT LIFE
Chapter 15	Evolution of Plants	336
Plants successfully colonized the land in partnership with symbiotic fungi. The evolution of plants has been marked by the appearance first of vascular plants, then seeds, and finally flowers.
Chapter 16	Plant Form and Function	358
The plant body is basically a vertical tube that grows in length at its tips and, in trees, also in girth. Water is drawn up into the plant shoot from the soil when water vapor evaporates from the leaves.
Chapter 17	Plant Reproduction and Growth	378
Flowering plants employ nectar as a reward to attract insects and other pollinators, which carry the male gametes (pollen) from one flower to another.
PART SIX	EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 18	Evolution of the Animal Phyla	398
The evolution of the animal body plan has been marked by a series of innovations that are reflected in the characteristics of the major phyla.
Chapter 19	History of The Vertebrates	436
Vertebrates first evolved in water, where more than half of vertebrate species still live. The move onto land involved many changes in physiology and body structure.
Chapter 20	How Humans Evolved	460
Humans evolved from australopithecines in Africa only a few million years ago. The genus Homo appears to have spread from Africa several times.
PART SEVEN	ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 21	The Animal Body and How It Moves	480
The vertebrate body has the architecture of a crane, with jointed limbs attached to a central skeleton, within which is a protected cavity that contains the body's organs.
Chapter 22	Circulation and Respiration	508
Vertebrates circulate blood through the body by pumping it with the heart. The blood picks up O2 in the lungs and delivers it to the tissues; from the tissues it collects CO2 and carries it back to the lungs.
Chapter 23	The Path of Food Through the Animal Body	538
The digestive tract consists of a series of chambers that form a continuous tube. As food passes through this tube, large molecules in the diet are broken down into smaller bits the body can use.
Chapter 24	How the Animal Body Defends Itself	570
Several types of white blood cells protect the body from infection and eliminate cancer cells. These cells screen the surface of body cells for foreign proteins, and eliminate any cells that contain "nonself" proteins.
Chapter 25	The Nervous System	594
The nervous system regulates the body's activities and its internal condition, using special signaling cells called neurons to transmit information about the body's condition to the brain, and relay commands back.
Chapter 26	Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body	626
The body uses chemical signals called hormones to control a wide variety of organs and processes. Many of these hormones are secreted by glands under the direct control of the brain.
Chapter 27	Reproduction and Development	644
Vertebrate reproduction involves the fertilization of a female egg by a male sperm. Hormones regulate the development of the female eggs, and prepare her body to nourish the developing embryo.
PART EIGHT	THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 28	Ecosystems	668
Ecology is the study of the way organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. A community of organisms, and the habitat in which they live, is called an ecological system, or ecosystem.
Chapter 29	Living in Ecosystems	696
The species living in an ecosystem have evolved many accommodations to living together. This coevolution has made the members of ecosystems interdependent in many ways.
Chapter 30	Planet Under Stress	726
Our planet faces numerous problems that threaten its future existence, including chemical pollution on a global scale and nonsustainable use of the earth's nonrenewable resources.
Appendix A: Classification of Organisms
Appendix B: Answers to Concept Reviews
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts
Credits
Index