Botany Online Visual Resource Library

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Click Here to see image Legend: Three Complete Chemical Structures Keywords: chemical structures Click Here to see image Legend: The temperate deciduous forest is characterized by numerous geophytes, few epiphytes, and only two or three layers of vegetation Keywords: biomes, ecology, geophytes, epiphytes, forest layers, temperate deciduous forest, eastern hardwood forest Click Here to see image Legend: "General Sherman", Sequoiadendron giganteum (Taxodiaceae:big trees), in Sequoia National Park is the largest single living creature on the face of the earth Keywords: gymnosperms, big trees, ecology, biomes, mountain forest, coniferous forest, boreal forest, vegetation, secondary growth Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae:yellow pine) is often dominant at the lower elevations of the mountain forest biome in the western United States Keywords: biomes, gymnosperms, mountain forest, coniferous forest, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: Piney woods, a mixed pine-hardwood forest seen here in Arkansas' Ouachita Mountains, extends south and east from east Texas to Florida Keywords: biomes, piney woods, mixed pine-hardwood forest, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: Deciduous thorn forest or scrub like this in Sinaloa, Mexico, often develops in regions of limited seasonal rainfall and no frost Keywords: biomes, thorn scrub, thorn forest, deciduous, vegetation, ecology, frost, xerophytes, thorns Click Here to see image Legend: Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae:coast redwoods) can stump sprout, perhaps living continuously as clones for tens of thousands of years Keywords: biomes, vegetation, redwood forest, boreal forest, cloning, stumpsprouting, secondary growth, ecology, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Trees in this tropical deciduous forest in Guerrero, Mexico, lose their leaves in response to a dry season Keywords: biomes, tropical deciduous forest, ecology, dry season, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Montane coniferous forest is the climax community in this glaciated valley in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington Keywords: biomes, mountain forest, coniferous forest, ecology, vegetation, succession Click Here to see image Legend: The tropical rain forest is characterized by several vegetation layers and numerous epiphytes and lianas Keywords: biomes, tropical rain forest, epiphytes, lianas, woody vines, layering, ecology vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: This mixed pine-oak woodland covers much of California's Coast Ranges, and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains Keywords: biomes, vegetation, ecology, foothill woodland, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: These massive Celtis (Ulmaceae) trees are emergents from the canopy of this tropical rain forest in Ghana, Africa Keywords: biomes, tropical rain forest, canopy, emergents, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: Late spring at Missouri Botanical Garden's Shaw Arboretum experimental prairie, a small restored reminder of the almost extinct tall grass prairie Keywords: biomes, conservation, tall grass prairie, ecology, grasslands, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Pinyon-juniper woodlands form a transition between sagebrush scrub and ponderosa pine in many areas of the western United States Keywords: biomes, vegetation, woodland, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: In California, foothill woodland often forms a transition between ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada and the Central Valley grasslands Keywords: biomes, vegetation, ecology, grasslands, mountain forest, conifer forest, foothill woodland Click Here to see image Legend: Creosote bush scrub covers large areas of arid land in southeastern California and adjacent Arizona Keywords: biomes, ecology, vegetation, creosote bush scrub, hot desert, cloning, vegetative reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Tropical rain forests usually produce several layers of trees and shrubs and are marked by a high diversity of species Keywords: biomes, ecology, vegetation, tropical rain forest, layering, diversity Click Here to see image Legend: Atomic Structures of Six Atoms Commonly Found in Organic Molecules Keywords: organic molecule atoms Click Here to see image Legend: Ionic Bonding in Table Salt, NaCl Keywords: ionic bonding Click Here to see image Legend: Covalently Bonded Molecules Share Electrons Keywords: covalent bonds Click Here to see image Legend: Water Molecules Keywords: water molecules Click Here to see image Legend: Carbohydrates Keywords: carbohydrates Click Here to see image Legend: Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Sucrose Keywords: sucrose, synthesis, hydrolysis Click Here to see image Legend: Alpha-glucose and Beta-glucose, Plus Primary Structures of Amylose and Cellulose Keywords: alpha-glucose, beta-glucose, amylose, cellulose Click Here to see image Legend: Amino Acids (1) Keywords: amino acids Click Here to see image Legend: Amino Acids (2) Keywords: amino acids Click Here to see image Legend: Protein Structure Keywords: protein structure Click Here to see image Legend: Lipids Keywords: lipids Click Here to see image Legend: DNA Molecule Keywords: DNA molecule Click Here to see image Legend: Arrangement of Fibrils, Microfibrils, and Cellulose in Cell Walls Keywords: fibrils, microfibrils, cellulose, cell wall Click Here to see image Legend: Amylose and Amylopectin Keywords: amylose, amylopectin Click Here to see image Legend: Peptide Synthesis Keywords: peptide Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Amino Acids in Proteins-Nonpolar Keywords: amino acids, protein Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Amino Acids in Proteins-Polar Keywords: amino acids, protein Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Amino Acids in Proteins-Electrically Charged Keywords: amino acids, protein Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of a Protein Keywords: protein Click Here to see image Legend: Interconnections Among Major Components of Primary Cell Walls Keywords: cell walls Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of DNA-Nucleotide Monomer Keywords: DNA, nucleotide monomer Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of DNA-Covalent Bonds and DNA Strand Keywords: DNA, covalent bonds Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of a Fat Keywords: fat Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of a Phospholipid Keywords: phospholipid Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Three Alkaloids Keywords: alkaloids Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Three Terpenoids Keywords: terpenoids Click Here to see image Legend: Structures of Four Phenolics Keywords: phenolics Click Here to see image Legend: Models of Orbitals Keyword: Orbitals Click Here to see image Legend: Isotopes of Oxygen Keyword: Oxygen isotopes Click Here to see image Legend: Models of Oxygen, Water, and Hydrogen Keyword: Molecules Click Here to see image Legend: A Covalent Bond Between Two Oxygen Atoms Keyword: Covalent bond Click Here to see image Legend: Energy Levels of Electrons Keyword: electrons Click Here to see image Legend: Glucose and Fructose Molecules Keyword: glucose, fructose molecules Click Here to see image Legend: Fat Molecule Keyword: fat molecule Click Here to see image Legend: Amino Acid Glycine Keyword: amino acid glycine Click Here to see image Legend: The Four Levels of Protein Structure Keyword: protein Click Here to see image Legend: How an Enzyme Facilitates a Reaction Keyword: enzyme Click Here to see image Legend: Clockwise from upper right: cassava (Manihot esculenta), taro root (Colocasia esculenta), and bananas (Musa sp.). Roadside wares in West Africa. Keywords: food, energy, starch, carbohydrates, roots, staples Click Here to see image Legend: Starch grains in Solanum tuberosum (potato) tuber cells Keywords: starch, energy, carbohydrates, tuber, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Left: Conium maculatum (poison hemlock). Right: Cicuta spp. (water hemlock). Keywords: coniine, cicutoxin, poisonous plant, alkaloid, alcohol Click Here to see image Legend: Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae:wild radish) Keywords: sinigrin, crucifer, mustard oil, glycosides, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopersicon esculentum [=Solanum lycopersicum] (Solanaceae: tomato) Keywords: terpenes, carotenoids, lycopene, berry, tomatine, alkaloids, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Salix nigra (Salicaceae:willow) along a bayou in northwestern Louisiana Keywords: salicylic acid, aspirin, phenolics, medicinal plant Click Here to see image Legend: Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) Keywords: eucalyptol, menthol, terpenoids, medicinal plant Click Here to see image Legend: Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae: catnip) Keywords: nepetalactone, terpenoids, mint Click Here to see image Legend: Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae:pacific yew). Branch with red arils cupping the ovules Keywords: gymnosperm, ovule, aril, taxol, terpenoid, taxine, alkaloid, cancer, medicinal plant Click Here to see image Legend: Glycine max (Fabaceae:soybean) Keywords: food crop, protein, nitrogen fixation, oil Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus lobata (Fagaceae: valley oak: Oak savannah near Santa Inez, California Keywords: tannins, phenolics, savannah Click Here to see image Legend: Juglans major (Juglandaceae:Arizona walnut) Keywords: pinnately compound leaves, catkins, phenolics, gallic acid Click Here to see image Legend: Diagram of a Leaf Showing Cellularity Keywords: leaf, cellularity Click Here to see image Legend: Relative Sizes of Cells and Cellular Parts Keywords: relative size, cells Click Here to see image Legend: Biological Measurements Keywords: biological measurements Click Here to see image Legend: Magnification of Kidney Bean-5x Keywords: magnification Click Here to see image Legend: Comparison of Light Microscopes and Transmission Electron Microscopes Keywords: microscopes Click Here to see image Legend: Interpretation of Structures in a Micrograph of Freeze-Fractured Cell Keywords: freeze-fractured cell Click Here to see image Legend: Surface-to-volume Ratio Keywords: surface-to-volume ratio Click Here to see image Legend: Three Kinds of Cytoskeletal Filaments Keywords: cytoskeletal filaments Click Here to see image Legend: Drawing of a Primary Cell Wall-Plasmodesmata Keywords: cell wall, plasmodesmata Click Here to see image Legend: Nuclear Envelope Keywords: nuclear envelope Click Here to see image Legend: Ribosomes Play a Central Role in Protein Synthesis Keywords: ribosomes, protein synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Three-dimensional Endoplasmic Reticulum Keywords: endoplasmic reticulum Click Here to see image Legend: Three-dimensional Representation of a Dictyosome (Golgi Body) Keywords: dictyosome, golgi body Click Here to see image Legend: Vacuole-Schematic Diagram of Cell Growth Keywords: vacuole Click Here to see image Legend: Three-dimensional Model of Chloroplast Membranes Keywords: chloroplast Click Here to see image Legend: Three-dimensional Model of a Mitochondrion Keywords: mitochondrion Click Here to see image Legend: Model of Cellular Invasion Keywords: cellular invasion Click Here to see image Legend: Model of a Flagellum Keywords: flagellum Click Here to see image Legend: Equivalency of Plant Organization According to the Cell Theory Keywords: plant organization, cell theory Click Here to see image Legend: Equivalency of Plant Organization According to the Organismal Theory Keywords: plant organization, organismal theory Click Here to see image Legend: A Leaf Cell Diagrammed Keyword: leaf cell Click Here to see image Legend: A Leaf Cell Diagrammed Keyword: leaf cell Click Here to see image Legend: Small Portion of a Plasma Membrane Keyword: plasma membrane Click Here to see image Legend: A Mitochondrion Keyword: mitochondrion Click Here to see image Legend: Thylakoids Keyword: thylakoid Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of a Chromosome Keyword: chromosome Click Here to see image Legend: Trachelomonas sp. (Euglenophyta) Keywords: single-celled organism, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Jute fibers (burlap) come from Corcorus species in the Tiliaceae or linden family Keywords: sclerenchyma, fibers, jute, burlap Click Here to see image Legend: Artifical Membrane Consisting of Phospholipids Keywords: phospholipids Click Here to see image Legend: Differential Permeability of a Phospholipid Bilayer Keywords: differential permeability, phospholipids Click Here to see image Legend: Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane Keywords: plasma membrane Click Here to see image Legend: Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure Keywords: membrane Click Here to see image Legend: Osmosis Keywords: osmosis Click Here to see image Legend: Osmosis Keywords: osmosis Click Here to see image Legend: Osmosis in Plant Cells Keywords: osmosis Click Here to see image Legend: Osmotic Pressure Keywords: osmotic pressure Click Here to see image Legend: Flaccid and Turgid Cells Keywords: flaccid turgid cells Click Here to see image Legend: Facilitated Diffusion Keywords: facilitated diffusion Click Here to see image Legend: Cotransport Across Membranes Keywords: cotransport Click Here to see image Legend: Active Transport Keywords: active transport Click Here to see image Legend: Exocytosis Keywords: exocytosis Click Here to see image Legend: Barley-Alpha-amylase Synthesis Keywords: alpha-amylase synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Membrane Potentials of Different Membranes in a Leaf Cell Keywords: potentials Click Here to see image Legend: The pH of Different Compartments in a Leaf Cell Keywords: pH Click Here to see image Legend: Mitochondrial Structure Keywords: mitochondrial structure Click Here to see image Legend: Membranes of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Use Energy Stored in a Proton Gradient Keywords: chloroplasts, mitochondria Click Here to see image Legend: Cell Signals Keywords: cell signals, auxin, polysaccharides Click Here to see image Legend: Auxin Can Induce and Amplify Proton Pumping Keywords: auxin Click Here to see image Legend: Simple Diffusion Keyword: diffusion Click Here to see image Legend: A Simple Osmometer Keyword: osmometer Click Here to see image Legend: Turgor Pressure in a Cell Keyword: cell turgor Click Here to see image Legend: Pathway of Water Through a Plant Keyword: water pathway Click Here to see image Legend: Capillarity in Narrow Tubes Keyword: capillarity Click Here to see image Legend: The Pressure-flow Hypothesis Keyword: pressure-flow Click Here to see image Legend: How a Stoma Opens and Closes Keyword: stoma Click Here to see image Legend: Elements Essential as Building Blocks for Compounds Synthesized by Plants Keyword: elements Click Here to see image Legend: Stigma and part of the style of a lily to show germinating pollen and pollen tubes Keywords: pollen, pollination, stigma, pollen tubes, angiosperm reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae:arrow weed). Alkali flat in Death Valley called the "Devils Cornfield". Keywords: alkali, sierozem, calcification, salt accumulation, soils Click Here to see image Legend: Energy Keywords: energy Click Here to see image Legend: Photosynthesis Keywords: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Plants are Producers Keywords: plant energy Click Here to see image Legend: Cellular Metabolism Keywords: cellular metabolism Click Here to see image Legend: ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the Energy Currency of Cells Keywords: ATP Click Here to see image Legend: Energy of Activation Keywords: energy Click Here to see image Legend: Formation of ATP-Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Keywords: noncyclic photophosphorylation Click Here to see image Legend: Calvin Cycle Keywords: calvin cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Glycolysis Keywords: glycolysis Click Here to see image Legend: Enzymes Speed the Rate of Spontaneous Reactions Keywords: enzymes Click Here to see image Legend: Photosynthesis and Respiration Keywords: photosynthesis, respiration Click Here to see image Legend: A Summary of Respiration (1) Keyword: respiration Click Here to see image Legend: A Summary of Respiration (2) Keyword: respiration Click Here to see image Legend: Lysichitum americanum (Araceae:skunkcabbage) in British Columbia, Canada Keywords: heat production, aroid, spathe, spadix, pollination, energy, respiration, oxidation Click Here to see image Legend: Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae:sugar cane) next to a home in Toucountouna, Benin Keywords: energy, sugar, carbohydrate, grass, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Triticum spp. (Poaceae:wheat) Keywords: energy, food crop, starch, grass, wheat Click Here to see image Legend: Krebs Cycle Keywords: respiration, Krebs cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Krebs Cycle Keywords: Krebs cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Substrate-level Phosphorylation Keywords: phosphorylation Click Here to see image Legend: Ten Steps of Glycolysis-Steps 1-5 Keywords: glycolysis Click Here to see image Legend: Ten Steps of Glycolysis-Steps 6-10 Keywords: glycolysis Click Here to see image Legend: Electron Transport System Keywords: electron transport system Click Here to see image Legend: Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Acetyl-CoA Keywords: pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA Click Here to see image Legend: The Krebs Cycle Keywords: Krebs cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Reversible Conversions Between Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol Keywords: ubiquinone, ubiquinol Click Here to see image Legend: Sequence of Steps in the Electron Transport Chain Keywords: electron transport chain Click Here to see image Legend: Pathway for Energy Transfer from Cytosolic NADH to Mitochondrial NADH Keywords: cytosol NADH mitochondrial NADH Click Here to see image Legend: First Step of the Electron Transport Chain Keywords: electron transport chain Click Here to see image Legend: Cytochrome c, Showing the Iron-containing Heme Group Keywords: cytochrome c Click Here to see image Legend: Free-energy Scale of the Electron Transport Chain Keywords: electron transport chain Click Here to see image Legend: ATP Synthase Complex in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Keywords: ATP synthase Click Here to see image Legend: Anaerobic Respiration Keywords: anaerobic respiration Click Here to see image Legend: Major Intermediates of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Keywords: pentose phospate pathway Click Here to see image Legend: Respiration of Lipids Keywords: lipid respiration Click Here to see image Legend: Electron Transport Chain for Cyanide-resistant Respiration Keywords: electron transport chain Click Here to see image Legend: 1 Allium spp. (Alliaceae: onions and garlics). Keywords: fructose polymers, energy, sugar, respiration Click Here to see image Legend: Arisaema triphylla (Araceae:jack-in-the-pulpit) Keywords: heat production, aroid, spathe, spadix, pollination, energy, respiration, oxidation Click Here to see image Legend: T. W. Engelmann's Experiment Keywords: Engelmann Click Here to see image Legend: Properties of Light Keywords: light Click Here to see image Legend: Chlorophyll a, the Primary Pigment of Photosynthesis Keywords: chlorophyll a Click Here to see image Legend: Absorption of Light by Chlorophylls a and b Keywords: light absorbtion, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b Click Here to see image Legend: Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll a Keywords: absorption spectrum, chlorophyll a Click Here to see image Legend: Carotenoids-Beta-carotene and Lycopene Keywords: carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene Click Here to see image Legend: Xanthophyll Keywords: xanthophyll Click Here to see image Legend: Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin Keywords: phycocyanin, phycoerythrin Click Here to see image Legend: Plants Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts Keywords: plant photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Light-harvesting System in Chloroplasts Keywords: chloroplasts, light-harvesting Click Here to see image Legend: Energy in Energized Electrons of Chlorophyll Keywords: chlorophyll, energy Click Here to see image Legend: ght-driven Transport of Electrons During Photosynthesis Keywords: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Photosynthesis Keywords: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: clic Flow of Electrons Keywords: electrons cyclic flow Click Here to see image Legend: Noncylic Flow of Electrons Keywords: electrons noncyclic flow Click Here to see image Legend: Photosystems I and II are Linked in Series in the Thylakoid Membrane Keywords: photosystems Click Here to see image Legend: Calvin's Experiments and Results Keywords: Calvin's experiments Click Here to see image Legend: A Summary of Photosynthesis Keywords: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Absorption Spectrum of Bacteriorhodopsin and Chlorophyll a Keywords: absorption spectrum Click Here to see image Legend: C4 Photosynthesis Keywords: C4 photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: C3 and C4 Photosynthesis Keywords: C3 and C4 photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Photosynthesis in CAM Plants Keywords: photosynthesis CAM plants Click Here to see image Legend: Visible Light Passing Through a Prism Keyword: visible light Click Here to see image Legend: How Temperature and Light Interact to Affect Photosynthesis Keyword: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: The Structure of a Molecule of Chlorophyll a Keyword: chorophyll a Click Here to see image Legend: A Simple Summary of Photosynthetic Reactions Keyword: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Engelmann's Experiment Keyword: Engelmann Click Here to see image Legend: The Absorption Spectra of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and a Carotenoid Keyword: absorption spectra Click Here to see image Legend: The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis Keyword: photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: A Photosystem II Model Keyword: photosystem II Click Here to see image Legend: The Calvin Cycle Keyword: Calvin cycle Click Here to see image Legend: An Illustration of the C4 Photosynthesis Pathway Keyword: C4 photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Photosynthesis Keyword: crassulacean acid metabolism Click Here to see image Legend: Zea mays (Poaceae: corn) Keywords: energy, photosynthesis, grass, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Albino corn (genotype lw1:lw1) lacks the ability to produce chlorophyll Keywords: genetics, mutations, photosynthesis, achlorophyllous plant Click Here to see image Legend: Genus Keywords: genus Click Here to see image Legend: Major Ranks in the Taxonomic Hierarchy Keywords: taxonomic heirarchy Click Here to see image Legend: A Pea Flower (longitudinal section) Keywords: flower Click Here to see image Legend: Artifical Hybridization in Pea Flowers Keywords: artificial hybridization Click Here to see image Legend: Characteristics of the Garden Pea Studied by Mendel Keywords: Mendel garden pea study Click Here to see image Legend: Inheritance Pattern of One of Mendel's Crosses Keywords: inheritance patterns, Mendel Click Here to see image Legend: Punnett Square Showing the Inheritance of Phenotypes and Underlying Genotypes in Mendel's Cross With Flower Color Keywords: Punnett square Click Here to see image Legend: Incomplete Dominance Keywords: dominance Click Here to see image Legend: Inheritance in the Garden Pea Keywords: inheritance, Punnett square Click Here to see image Legend: Meiosis Keywords: meiosis Click Here to see image Legend: Evidence for Bacterial Transformation Keywords: bacterial transformation Click Here to see image Legend: Evidence for the Role of DNA in Heredity Keywords: DNA, heredity Click Here to see image Legend: Frequency Distribution of Corolla Lengths in Nicotiana longiflora Keywords: frequency distribution, corolla length Click Here to see image Legend: Pleiotropic Effects of Two Alleles Keywords: pleiotropic effects Click Here to see image Legend: A Dihybrid Experiment Keywords: dihybrid experiment Click Here to see image Legend: A Cross Between a Tall Variety and a Dwarf Variety of Peas Keyword: cross Click Here to see image Legend: Absence of Dominance Keyword: absence of dominance Click Here to see image Legend: A Monohybrid Cross Keyword: monohybrid cross Click Here to see image Legend: A Dihybrid Cross (1) Keyword: dihybrid cross Click Here to see image Legend: A Dihybrid Cross (2) Keyword: dihybrid Click Here to see image Legend: Mankind has developed hundreds of varieties of beans and peas Keywords: legume, peas, beans, food crop, genetics, artificial selection Click Here to see image Legend: Nearly all cultivated peppers are varieties of only two species, Capsicum frutescens and C. annuum Keywords: genetics, artificial selection, capsaicin, red pepper, bell pepper, tobasco, pimentos, chili, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Color in corn kernels follows patterns of Mendelian genetics Keywords: genetics, dominant-recessive, monohybrid cross, Indian corn, Mendelian genetics Click Here to see image Legend: In carnations, pink is intermediate between red and white, yielding a ratio of two pinks to one red and one white Keywords: genetics, intermediate inheritance, carnations, Mendelian genetics, monohybrid cross Click Here to see image Legend: Flower color in Lathyrus odoratus (Fabaceae:sweet pea) is linked to pollen shape Keywords: genetics, linkage, flower color Click Here to see image Legend: Corn produces two types of flowers: female flowers (left) are produced in ears and male flowers (right) are produced in tassels Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterility, genetics, food crop, unisexual flowers, tassels, ears Click Here to see image Legend: Transposable elements are illustrated by the color of some corn kernels Keywords: genetics, transposable elements, corn Click Here to see image Legend: A spontaneous mutation aparently occurred in the early development of this branch Keywords: genetics, mutations Click Here to see image Legend: Isozyme variation in several species of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae:milkweeds) Keywords: genetics, isozymes, enzyme, electrophoresis, allozymes Click Here to see image Legend: A dominant-recessive cross between two heterozygous (Lw1:lw1) corn plants yields approximately a 3:1 ratio Keywords: genetics, dominant-recessive, monohybrid cross, albino corn, mendelian genetics Click Here to see image Legend: Main Steps Involved in Culturing Vegetative Cells and Regenerating a New Plant from Cell Culture Keywords: culturing, regenerating cells Click Here to see image Legend: Periods of the Cell Cycle Keywords: cell cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Diagrammatic Representation of the Double Helix of DNA Keywords: DNA double helix Click Here to see image Legend: Components of a Portion of a DNA Molecule Keywords: DNA molecule Click Here to see image Legend: Transcription Keywords: transcription Click Here to see image Legend: Summary of Protein Synthesis Keywords: protein synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Recombinant DNA Technology Keywords: recombinant DNA Click Here to see image Legend: Diagrams of DNA Keywords: DNA Click Here to see image Legend: Diagrams of DNA Keywords: DNA Click Here to see image Legend: Semiconservative Replication Keywords: semiconservative replication Click Here to see image Legend: Incorporation of Heavy Nitrogen (15N) into DNA Keywords: heavy nitrogen Click Here to see image Legend: DNA Replication Keywords: DNA replication Click Here to see image Legend: Initiation and Expansion of a Replication Bubble for DNA Synthesis Keywords: replication bubble, DNA synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: DNA Topoisomerases Keywords: DNA topoisomerases Click Here to see image Legend: Replicon Keywords: replicon Click Here to see image Legend: Examples of Cot Curves Keywords: Cot curves Click Here to see image Legend: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Keywords: mitosis, cytokinesis Click Here to see image Legend: Metaphase Chromosome Keywords: metaphase chromosome Click Here to see image Legend: Forces That Move Chromosomes Keywords: chromosomes Click Here to see image Legend: Possible Patterns of Disassembly of Kinetochore-bound Microtubules Keywords: kinetochore-bound microtubules Click Here to see image Legend: A Cell Cycle Keyword: cell cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of a DNA Molecule Keyword: DNA molecule Click Here to see image Legend: Pairing of Nucleotides in a Tiny Portion of a Strand of DNA Keyword: nucleotides Click Here to see image Legend: Replication (duplication) of DNA Keyword: replication Click Here to see image Legend: Development of a Clamp Connection Keyword: clamp connection Click Here to see image Legend: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and interphase in Allium root tip cells Keywords: mitosis, prophase, metaphase, interphase, anaphase, meristematic cells Click Here to see image Legend: Stages of mitosis in Allium root tip cells Keywords: mitosis, anaphase, prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase, meristematic cells Click Here to see image Legend: Strages of mitosis in Allium root tip cells Keywords: anaphase, prophase, mitosis, meristematic cells Click Here to see image Legend: Stages of mitosis in Allium root tip cells Keywords: prophase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, mitosis, meristematic cells Click Here to see image Legend: Insect gall on leaf of Fraxinus (Oleaceae:Ash) Keywords: mitosis, insect galls, cytokinins Click Here to see image Legend: Insect galls on stems of Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae:blue oak) Keywords: mitosis, insect galls, cytokinin Click Here to see image Legend: Reproductive Cycle of an Angiosperm Keywords: angiosperm Click Here to see image Legend: Alternation of Generations-Fern Life Cycle Keywords: generations, life cycles Click Here to see image Legend: Alternations of Generations-Pine Life Cycle Keywords: generations, life cycles Click Here to see image Legend: Alternation of Gnerations-Haploid and Diploid Phases Keywords: generations, haploid, diploid Click Here to see image Legend: Alternation of Generations in Plants Keywords: alteration of generations Click Here to see image Legend: Development of the Male Gametophyte Keywords: gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Development of the Lilium-type Female Gametophyte Keywords: gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Pollination and Fertilization Keywords: pollination, fertilization Click Here to see image Legend: Zygote Keywords: zygote Click Here to see image Legend: Prophase I Keywords: prophase I Click Here to see image Legend: Comparison of Early Prophase in Mitosis and Meiosis Keywords: prophase, mitosis, meiosis Click Here to see image Legend: Stages in Meiosis Keywords: meisois Click Here to see image Legend: Chromosome Keywords: duplicated chromosome Click Here to see image Legend: Mitosis in a Plant Cell Keywords: mitosis Click Here to see image Legend: Homologous Chromosomes Align During Phophase I Keywords: prophase I Click Here to see image Legend: Model of a Synaptonemal Complex Keywords: synaptonemal complex Click Here to see image Legend: Synapsed Chromosomes with an Inversion Loop Keywords: synapsed chromosome, inversion loop Click Here to see image Legend: Chiasmata in Prophase I Keywords: chiasmata, prophase I Click Here to see image Legend: Separation of Meiotic Chromosomes Keywords: meiotic chromosomes Click Here to see image Legend: Four Possible Orientations of Two Bivalents in Metaphase I Keywords: bivalent, metaphase I Click Here to see image Legend: Evidence for Crossing-over in Corn (Zea mays) Keywords: crossing-over Click Here to see image Legend: Segregation of Spore Colors in Bread Mold-With Recombination Keywords: segregation, recombination Click Here to see image Legend: Segregation of Spore Colors in Bread Mold-Without Recombination Keywords: segregation, recombination Click Here to see image Legend: Evidence for Gene Conversion in Bread Mold Keywords: gene conversion Click Here to see image Legend: Model for Gene Conversion Keywords: gene conversion Click Here to see image Legend: Synapsis Keywords: synapsis Click Here to see image Legend: Model of a Tandem Repeat Keywords: tandem repeat Click Here to see image Legend: Model of Gene Duplication Keywords: gene duplication Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of rbcS Genes of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Keywords: rbcS genes Click Here to see image Legend: A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis-Prophase and Metaphase Keyword: mitosis, meiosis Click Here to see image Legend: A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis-Anaphase and Telophase Keyword: mitosis, meiosis Click Here to see image Legend: Homologous Chromosomes at Metaphase I of Meiosis Keyword: metaphase I Click Here to see image Legend: A Typical Life Cycle of Plants that Undergo Sexual Reproduction Keyword: life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: How a Protein is Synthesized Keyword: protein synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Chromosomal Changes that Can Occur Keyword: chromosomal change Click Here to see image Legend: Reproduction on Diatoms Keyword: diatoms Click Here to see image Legend: A variety of pollen grains Keywords: pollen, microgametophytes Click Here to see image Legend: Pollen grains of Lilium (Liliaceae:lily) Keywords: pollen, microgametophyte, generative cell, tube nucleus, exine Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium anther, pollen in prophase of meiosis Keywords: meiosis, pollen, prophase, anthers, microsporogenesis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium flower x.s., ovary and anthers Keywords: meiosis, compound ovary, axile placentation, anthers, microsporogenesis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium anther locule, late prophase of meiosis Keywords: meiosis, pollen, late prophase, microsporogenesis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium anther locule, first meiotic division Keywords: meiosis, pollen, microsporogenesis, first division, meiosis I Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium anther locule, second meiotic division Keywords: meiosis, pollen, microsporogenesis, second division, meiosis II Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium anther, pollen tetrads Keywords: meiosis, pollen, microsporogenesis, tetrads Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, third division Keywords: ovule, integuments, micropyle, embryo sac, third division, nucellus Click Here to see image Legend: Dehiscing anthers, shedding pollen Keywords: pollen, allergic rhinitis, dehiscence, anthers Click Here to see image Legend: Scanning electron micrograph of tricolpate pollen of Mallotus polyadenus (Euphorbiaceae) Keywords: pollen, tricolpate, exine, microgametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Scanning electron micrograph of the exine sculpturing in Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) Keywords: pollen, exine, sculpturing, microgametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Diagrammatic Representation of Transcription Keywords: transcription Click Here to see image Legend: Steps in RNA Transcription Keywords: RNA transcription Click Here to see image Legend: Model of RNA Splicing by Intron Keywords: RNA splicing, intron Click Here to see image Legend: RNA Processing Keywords: RNA processing Click Here to see image Legend: Model of mRNA that is Exported From the Nucleus Keywords: mRNA Click Here to see image Legend: DNA-mRNA Binding Experiments Keywords: DNA-mRNA experiments, introns Click Here to see image Legend: The Structure of Transfer RNA Keywords: transfer RNA Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of a Eukaryotic Ribosome Keywords: eukaryotic ribosome Click Here to see image Legend: Synthesis of Aminoacyl-tRNA Keywords: aminoacyl-tRNA Click Here to see image Legend: Initiation of Protein Synthesis Keywords: protein synthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Steps in Elongation Keywords: elongation Click Here to see image Legend: Translation Keywords: translation Click Here to see image Legend: The Genetic Code for mRNA Keywords: genetic code mRNA Click Here to see image Legend: Intron-free and Intran-Containing Gene Structures Keywords: intron gene structures Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of Interrupted Genes Keywords: interrupted genes Click Here to see image Legend: Triosephosphate Isomerase Enzyme Keywords: triosephosphate isomerase enzyme Click Here to see image Legend: Restriction Enzyme-EcoRI Keywords: restriction enzyme Click Here to see image Legend: Gene Cloning by Bacteria Keywords: gene cloning Click Here to see image Legend: Cloning of Three Foreign Genes by Each Type of Vector Keywords: clones Click Here to see image Legend: Steps for Making Complementary DNA Keywords: complementary DNA Click Here to see image Legend: Construction of a Yeast Artifical Chromosome (YAC) With Inserted Foreign DNA Keywords: yeast artificial chromosome Click Here to see image Legend: Colony Hybridization Keywords: colony hybridization Click Here to see image Legend: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (1) Keywords: polymerase chain reaction Click Here to see image Legend: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (2) Keywords: polymerase chain reaction Click Here to see image Legend: Inserting Foreign Genes by Using the Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid Keywords: agrobacterium Ti plasmid Click Here to see image Legend: Steps in Making Transgenic Plants Keywords: transgenic plants Click Here to see image Legend: How Recombinant Bacteria are Produced Keyword: recombinant bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Tissues and Organs of a Herbaceous Plant Keywords: herbaceous Click Here to see image Legend: Three Kinds of Transitional Meristems in Plants Keywords: transitional meristems Click Here to see image Legend: Microfibrils and Cellular Shape Keywords: microfibrils, cellular shape Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Development and Propagation by Tissue Culture Keywords: plant development and propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Development of Environmentally Controlled Polarity in the Brown Alga Fucus Keywords: polarity fucus Click Here to see image Legend: Polarity of Plant Tissues Keywords: polarity Click Here to see image Legend: Stomatal Differentiation in Leaves Keywords: stomatal differentiation Click Here to see image Legend: Growing Plants Generate Electrical Currents Keywords: electrical currents Click Here to see image Legend: A Simple Graft Keyword: grafting Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus (Lamiaceae) shoot apex, l.s.. Keywords: opposite phyllotaxy, shoot apical meristem, tunica-corpus, primordia, procambium, procambial strands, protoderm, ground meristem Click Here to see image Legend: Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae:pineapple) fruit. Keywords: multiple fruit, phyllotaxy, alternate or spiral, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Botrychium (Ophioglossales:grape fern) root apex, l.s. Keywords: roots, quiescent zone, root cap, ferns, protostele, root apical meristem Click Here to see image Legend: Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta) stem apex, l.s. Keywords: shoot apical meristem, primordia, quiescent zone, tunica-corpus, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Tilia (Tiliaceae:basswood) 1-year stem x.s. Keywords: secondary growth, xylem, phloem, parenchyma rays, vascular cambium Click Here to see image Legend: Tilia (Tiliaceae:basswood) 3-year stem x.s. Keywords: secondary growth, xylem, phloem, parenchyma rays, vascular cambium, annual rings, pith, diffuse porous Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus (Lamiaceae) shoot showing axillary growth after pruning Keywords: axillary growth, auxin, apical dominance Click Here to see image Legend: Wyethia (Asteraceae:mule's ears) flower head showing pattern of disk and ray flowers Keywords: growth patterns, development, phyllotaxy, composite, ray flowers disk flowers, head, receptacular bracts, involucral bracts Click Here to see image Legend: Phoradendron (scaceae:mistletoe) growing on oak Keywords: modular growth, parasitism, haustoria, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Cristated flowering apex of Celosia (Amaranthaceae: cock's comb) Keywords: cristated stem, apical growth Click Here to see image Legend: Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae:dutchman's pipe vine) stem apex, l.s. Keywords: alternate phyllotaxy, primordia, shoot apical meristem, surface hairs, leaf traces Click Here to see image Legend: Transpiration-Open and Closed Stoma Keywords: transpiration, stoma Click Here to see image Legend: Stomata of Cow Pea (Vigna sinensis), a Dicot Keywords: stomata Click Here to see image Legend: Water-conducting Cells of Xylem Keyword: xylem Click Here to see image Legend: Pits Keyword: pits Click Here to see image Legend: How Water Flow is Controlled in Adjacent Pairs of Bordered Pits Keyword: bordered pits Click Here to see image Legend: Longitudinal View of Part of the Phloem of a Black Locust Tree Keyword: phloem Click Here to see image Legend: A Stereoscopic View of a Portion of a Typical Leaf Keyword: leaf Click Here to see image Legend: A Typical Dicot Stoma Keyword: dicot stoma Click Here to see image Legend: Abscission Zone of a Leaf Keyword: leaf abscission Click Here to see image Legend: Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae:buttercup) root, x.s., showing storage parenchyma in cortex, x.s. Keywords: root, cortex, ground tissue, starch grains, storage parenchyma, protostele, endodermis, tetrarch, exarch, differentiation Click Here to see image Legend: Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae:dutchman's pipe vine) stem, x.s., showing wound response Keywords: wounding response, ethylene, cork production Click Here to see image Legend: Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) stem, x.s., showing collenchyma and sclerenchyma in the cortex Keywords: sclerenchyma, collenchyma, cortex, epidermis Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus (Fagaceae:oak) macerated wood showing vessel tube members, fibers, and tracheids Keywords: macerated wood, fibers, tracheids, vessel tube members Click Here to see image Legend: Hoya (Asclepiadaceae) stem, x.s., showing pith brachysclereids Keywords: pith, brachysclereids, sclerenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Nerium (Apocynaceae:oleander) leaf, x.s. showing vascular bundles and stomatal crypt Keywords: xerophyte, stomatal crypt, vascular bundle, phloem, xylem, sclerenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Orchid aerial root showing multiple epidermis (velamen) Keywords: multiple epidermis, velamen, aerial root Click Here to see image Legend: Peperomia (Piperaceae) leaf, x.s., showing multiple epidermis Keywords: multiple epidermis, paleospecies, palaeoherb, evolution, angiosperm origins Click Here to see image Legend: Ligustrum (Oleaceae:privet) leaf, x.s. Keywords: palisade parenchyma, aerenchyma, spongy parenchyma, midvein, leaf vein, leaf epidermis Click Here to see image Legend: Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae:flax) stem, x.s., showing fibers in cortex Keywords: flax, linen, fibers, sclerenchyma, vascular cambium Click Here to see image Legend: Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae:vanilla) photosynthetic aerial roots Keywords: aerial roots, vanilla, velamen, multiple epidermis Click Here to see image Legend: Dicot leaf epidermis, stomata with no subsidiary cells Keywords: epidermis, epidermal cells, guard cells, growth pattern, polarity Click Here to see image Legend: Sedum (Crassulaceae:stonecrop) leaf epidermis with subsidiary cells Keywords: epidermis, epidermal cells, subsidiary cells, guard cells Click Here to see image Legend: "Typical" monocot leaf epidermis Keywords: epidermis, epidermal cells, guard cells, polarity, growth patterns Click Here to see image Legend: Urtica dioica (Urticaceae:nettle) with stinging hairs Keywords: stinging hairs, bracts, unisexual flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Cnidoscolis (Euphorbiaceae:bull nettle) with stinging hairs and pollinators Keywords: stinging hairs, beetle pollination, cantharophily, unisexual flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Dionaea (Dionaeaceae:venus' fly trap) leaf, x.s., to show digestive glands Keywords: digestive glands, carnivorous plants, modified leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Drosera (Droseraceae:sundew) insectivorous leaves Keywords: carnivorous plants, modified leaves, tacky glands Click Here to see image Legend: Drosera (Droseraceae:sundew) leaf, x.s., to show stalked tacky gland and surface digestive gland Keywords: digestive gland, stalked gland, carnivorous plant, modified leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) stem, x.s. (left) and ls. (right) showing sieve tubes and sieve plates Keywords: sieve tubes, sieve plugs, sieve plates, phloem, xylem, vessel tube members Click Here to see image Legend: Medicago (Fabaceae:sweet clover) stem, x.s. Keywords: collenchyma, vascular bundle, chlorenchyma, primary phloem, primary xylem Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae: pine) stem, l.s., showing sieve areas in the phloem Keywords: sieve cells, sieve areas, gymnosperms, phloem Click Here to see image Legend: Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) stem, x.s. Keywords: sieve plates, phloem, xylem, companion cells, sieve tubes, vessel tube members Click Here to see image Legend: Guttation in a tropical rain forest leaf Keywords: guttation, hydathodes Click Here to see image Legend: Fritillaria (Liliaceae:fritillary) flower showing nectaries and nectar storage Keywords: nectar, nectaries, hummingbird pollination Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae: pine) young stem, x.s., with resin ducts Keywords: resin duct, xylem, phloem, cortex, vascular cambium, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) stem, l.s., with lacticifers Keywords: lacticifers Click Here to see image Legend: Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) stem, l.s., with prototxylem and metaxylem Keywords: primary xylem, protoxylem, metaxylem, vessel tube members, pits Click Here to see image Legend: Tilia (Tiliaceae:basswood) macerated wood with vessel tube member Keywords: vessel tube member, scalariform pores, pits, tracheids, fibers Click Here to see image Legend: Stems Consist of Nodes and Internodes Keywords: stem nodes internodes Click Here to see image Legend: Leaf Morphology Keywords: leaf morphology Click Here to see image Legend: Longitudinal Axis of a Plant Keyword: plant meristems Click Here to see image Legend: A Woody Twig Keyword: twig Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus Stem < Keyword: stem Click Here to see image Legend: Young Stem Keyword: stem Click Here to see image Legend: A Cell of the Vascular Cambium Keyword: stem vascular cambium Click Here to see image Legend: A Block of a Woody Dicot Keyword: dicot Click Here to see image Legend: Types of Specialized Stems Keyword: stems Click Here to see image Legend: Types of Leaves and Leaf Arrangements Keyword: leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Helianthus (Asteraceae:sunflower) stem, x.s. Keywords: primary stem, vascular bundles, pith, cortex, eustele, dicot Click Here to see image Legend: Zea mays (Poaceae:corn) stem, x.s. Keywords: atactostele, primary stem, monocot, vascular bundles Click Here to see image Legend: Dracena (Liliaceae) stem, x.s., showing a vascular bundle Keywords: vascular bundle, xylem, phloem, fiber cap, sclerenchyma, monocot Click Here to see image Legend: Vitis (Vitaceae:grape) stem tendril Keywords: stem tendril, vine Click Here to see image Legend: Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae: honeysuckle) searcher shoots Keywords: searcher shoots, vine Click Here to see image Legend: Larix (Pinaceae:larch) long shoot with fascicled short shoots Keywords: gymnosperms, fascicles, long shoots, short shoots, deciduous conifer, lumber tree Click Here to see image Legend: Platycereus (Cactaceae) cladodes Keywords: cladodes, modified stems Click Here to see image Legend: Opuntia (Cactaceae) young stem with caducous leaves still below areoles Keywords: caducous leaves, areoles, spines, phyllotaxy, growth pattern Click Here to see image Legend: Marah (Cucurbitaceae) with stem tendrils showing thigmotropic coiling Keywords: thigmotropism, stem tendrils, vine, palmately-lobed leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Aloe vera (Aloeaceae) leaves Keywords: burn plant, monocot, succulent leaves, medicinal plant Click Here to see image Legend: Prunus serotina (Rosaceae: wild black cherry) young stems with leaves Keywords: alternate phyllotaxy, growth patterns, entire leaves, cyanogenic glycosides Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus (Lamiaceae) leaves showing decussate phyllotaxy Keywords: decussate phyllotaxy, growth patterns, opposite leaves, entire leaves, anthocyanins Click Here to see image Legend: Fishhook cactus showing spiral phyllotaxy of the areoles Keywords: spines, modified leaves, spiral phyllotaxy, areoles, succulent stem Click Here to see image Legend: Lupinus (Fabaceae:lupine) palmately compound leaves Keywords: palmately-compound leaves, legume Click Here to see image Legend: Zanthoxyum (Rutaceae:tickle-tongue tree) pinnately compound leaves and paniculate inflorescence Keywords: panicle, pinnately-compound leaves, calcium oxalate crystals Click Here to see image Legend: Montia perfoliata (Portulacaceae:miner's lettuce) perfoliate leaves Keywords: perfoliate leaves, betacyanins Click Here to see image Legend: Tropaeoleum (Tropaeolaceae:garden nasturtium) peltate leaves Keywords: peltate leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Syringa (Oleaceae:lilac) leaf, x.s. Keywords: aerenchyma, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, midvein, leaf vein, chlorenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Thermopsis (Fabaceae:false lupine) stipules, palmately trifoliate leaf, and axillary shoot Keywords: stipules, palmately trifoliate leaf, axillary lshoot Click Here to see image Legend: Acer (Aceraceae:maple) sun (above) and shade (below) leaves Keywords: sun leaves, shade leaves, palisade parenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae) flower pot leaves Keywords: flower pot leaves, modified leaves, adventitious roots, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Cleared leaf with reticulate venation Keywords: dicot leaf, reticulate venation Click Here to see image Legend: Monocot leaf with C4 bundle sheath cells Keywords: C4 bundle sheath cells, stomata, leaf veins, xylem, phloem Click Here to see image Legend: Nerium (Apocynaceae:oleander) xerophytic leaf Keywords: xerophytic leaf, stomatal crypts Click Here to see image Legend: Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae:water lily) hydrophytic leaf Keywords: hydrophytic leaf, aerenchyma, palisade parenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Eichornia (Pontederiaceae:water hyacinth) with petiolate bladders Keywords: petiole bladders, hydrophytic leaf, modified leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae:pink) vertical leaf with double palisade Keywords: double palisade, vertical leaf, leaf modifications Click Here to see image Legend: Eichornia (Pontederiaceae:water hyacinth) clogging a Louisiana waterway Keywords: hydrophytic leaf, petiole bladders, modified leaves, water weed Click Here to see image Legend: Vicia (Fabaceae:vetch) leaf tendrils Keywords: leaf tendrils, leaf modifications, pinnately-compound leaf Click Here to see image Legend: Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) leaf with plantlets Keywords: plantlets, leaf modifications, succulent leaves, CAM metabolism Click Here to see image Legend: Costus (Costaceae) with spiral leaf pattern Keywords: phyllotaxy, growth pattern Click Here to see image Legend: Frithia (Crassulaceae) with window leaves Keywords: window leaves, modified leaves, CAM metabolism Click Here to see image Legend: Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae:honey locust) branch with stem thorns Keywords: thorns, bipinnately compound leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae) flowers surrounded by showy bracts Keywords: bracts Click Here to see image Legend: Dionaea (Dionaeaceae:venus' flytrap) leaves modified to capture insects Keywords: carnivorous plants, modified leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Emerging oak seedling with food-packed cotyledons Keywords: dicot seedling, cotyledons, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus (Lamiaceae) shoot apex, l.s. Keywords: prophylls, axillary buds, procambial strands Click Here to see image Legend: Acacia (Fabaceae) with bullhorn stipules Keywords: ant mutualism, bullhorn stipules, coevolution Click Here to see image Legend: Acacia (Fabaceae) bipinnate leaves with beltian bodies which are used as food by mutualistic ants Keywords: ant mutualism, bullhorn acacias, beltian bodies, modified leaves, bipinnate leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Prunus (Rosaceae) leaf abscission zone, l.s. petiole Keywords: leaf abscission, abscission zone, ethylene, cork formation Click Here to see image Legend: Monocot leaf showing parallel venation pattern Keywords: parallel venation, monocot leaf Click Here to see image Legend: Modified Stems and Roots Keywords: stems, roots Click Here to see image Legend: Median Longitudinal Section Through a Hypothetical Root Keywords: root Click Here to see image Legend: Root Systems Keywords: root systems Click Here to see image Legend: Dicot Root Tip-Endodermis Keywords: dicot root, endodermis Click Here to see image Legend: Casparian Strip Keywords: casparian strip Click Here to see image Legend: Cross Section of a Root Keywords: root Click Here to see image Legend: Root Tip of Mustard (Sinapis alba) Keywords: root Click Here to see image Legend: Major Functions of Roots Keywords: roots Click Here to see image Legend: Root Systems Keyword: roots Click Here to see image Legend: A Longitudinal Section Through a Dicot Root Tip Keyword: roots Click Here to see image Legend: Root Hairs in Contact With Soil Particles Keyword: root hairs Click Here to see image Legend: Action of Contractile Roots Keyword: contractile roots Click Here to see image Legend: Mycorrhizae-Cross-section of a Root with Ectomycorrhizae Keyword: mycorrhizae roots Click Here to see image Legend: Tip Layering Keyword: tip layering Click Here to see image Legend: Propagation of Specialized Stems Keyword: propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Allium (Alliaceae:garlic) bulbs with fibrous adventitious roots Keywords: fibrous roots, adventitious roots, bulbs, modified leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Allium (Alliaceae:onion) root tip, l.s., showing amyloplasts in the columella cells Keywords: root tip, root apical meristem, columella, amyloplasts, peripheral cells, root cap

Click Here to see image Legend: Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta) root tip, l.s., showing quiescent zone of the root apical meristem Keywords: quiescent zone, root tip, root cap, root apical meristem Click Here to see image Legend: The Chihuahuan "desert" is better classified as a scrub than a desert, and usually has a significant amount of permanent low woody cover Keywords: biomes, desert scrub, chihuahuan desert, thorn scrub, ecology, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Annuals like Lupinus arizonicus (Fabaceae:arizona lupine) may emerge in abundance in the hot desert after a good rain Keywords: biomes, hot desert, annuals, therophytes, rainfall, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: The cold "desert" is actually a scrub vegetation often dominated by sagebrush and characterized by significant frost, low rainfall, and relatively low diversity Keywords: biomes, scrub vegetation, diversity, productivity, ecology, frost, rainfall, ecology, sagebrush Click Here to see image Legend: Hot deserts are often characterized by succulents, numerous annuals dependent on rainfall, a low percentage of permanent woody cover, and little or no frost Keywords: biomes, ecology, vegetation, hot deserts, rainfall, annuals, succulents, frost Click Here to see image Legend: The chaparral, or Mediterranean scrub, is a fire-adapted scrub community which may include up to 100% cover by low, small-leaved, woody shrubs Keywords: biomes, ecology, vegetation, chaparral, scrub, fire, allelopathy, summer drought Click Here to see image Legend: Chaparral and similar low, microphyllous scrub vegetation develop on the western sides of the earth's continents in regions marked by little or no summer rainfall Keywords: biomes, vegetation, convergence, ecology, mediterranean scrub, chaparral Click Here to see image Legend: A variety of root crops can be found in the local supermarket. Keywords: root crops, tap roots, storage roots, root modifications Click Here to see image Legend: Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae:buttercup) root, x.s., with extensive storage parenchyma in the cortex. Keywords: dicot root, storage parenchyma, root cortex, tetrarch root Click Here to see image Legend: Monocot root, x.s., with lateral roots emerging from the pericycle. Keywords: pericycle, monocot root, lateral roots, endodermis Click Here to see image Legend: Monocot root, x.s., with lateral root emerging from the pericycle. Keywords: pericycle, monocot root, lateral root, endodermis Click Here to see image Legend: Botrychium (Ophioglossales:grape fern) tetrarch root, x.s., with endodermis. Keywords: tetrarch root, endodermis, fern root, Click Here to see image Legend: Salix (Salicaceae:willow) root, x.s., with lateral (branch) root., l.s. Keywords: lateral root, branch root, pericycle Click Here to see image Legend: Podophyllun (Berberidaceae:mayapple) siphonostelic root. Keywords: siphonostele, sophonostelic root, lateral root Click Here to see image Legend: Geotropism in a pea seedling. Keywords: geotropism, polarity, growth patterns, seedling, hypogeal Click Here to see image Legend: Pandanus (Pandanaceae:screw pine) prop roots. Keywords: prop roots, adventitious roots Click Here to see image Legend: Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae:kapok tree) buttress roots in tropical West Africa. Keywords: buttress roots, tropical rain forest Click Here to see image Legend: Orchid root endomycorrhizae, x.s. Keywords: mycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, roots, fungi, deuteromycota Click Here to see image Legend: Root ectomycorrhizae, x.s. Keywords: mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, roots, fungi, deuteromycota Click Here to see image Legend: Allium (Alliaceae:onion) bulb, l.s., with adventitious roots emerging from the basal stem Keywords: adventitious roots, bulb Click Here to see image Legend: Aerial roots silhouetted in a mangrove tidal flat in southern Mexico Keywords: aerial roots, mangroves, mangrove swamp Click Here to see image Legend: Aerial and prop roots in mangroves near Acapulco, Mexico Keywords: aerial roots, prop roots, mangroves, mangrove swamp Click Here to see image Legend: Toxicodendron [Rhus] (Anacardiaceae:poison ivy) anchoring roots Keywords: adventitious roots, anchoring roots Click Here to see image Legend: Adventitious roots developing in a young corn seedling Keywords: dventitious roots, monocot roots, monocot seedling Click Here to see image Legend: A tap root is bared by soil erosion Keywords: tap root, soil erosion, dicot woody root Click Here to see image Legend: Secondary Growth of Dicot Stems Keywords: dicot stems Click Here to see image Legend: Differentiation of Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem from the Vascular Cambium Keywords: vascular cambium Click Here to see image Legend: How Auxin Activates and Influences Vascular Cambium Keywords: vascular cambium Click Here to see image Legend: Growth Rings Keywords: tree growth rings Click Here to see image Legend: Periderm Keywords: perioderm Click Here to see image Legend: Sawed Wood Surfaces Keyword: wood Click Here to see image Legend: Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) stem, x.s., in the region of the vascular cambium Keywords: vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem Click Here to see image Legend: Tilia (Tiliaceae:basswood) vascular cambium, oblique section Keywords: vascular cambium, ray initials, fusiform initials Click Here to see image Legend: Medicago (Fabaceae:bur clover) stem, l.s. Keywords: pith, cortex, chlorenchyma, xylem, phloem, woody stem Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus (Fagaceae:oak) woody root, x.s. Keywords: secondary xylem, woody root, fibers, vascular cambium, secondary phloem Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) woody root, x.s. Keywords: secondary xylem, secondary phloem, woody root, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Scientists in Mexico claim the conifer, "El Tule", a bald cypress (Taxodium mucronatum) in the redwood family (Taxodiaceae), has the greatest girth of any tree alive today Keywords: secondary growth, gymnosperms, El Tule, bald cypress Click Here to see image Legend: The big trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in the redwood family include the largest living individuals on the face of the earth Keywords: giant sequoias, gymnosperms, big trees, secondary growth Click Here to see image Legend: Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta) stem, x.s. Keywords: softwood, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, resin canals, vascular cambium, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Acer (Aceraceae:maple) young stem, x.s. with lenticel Keywords: lenticel, hardwood, secondary xylem, diffuse porous, secondary phloem, phloem fibers Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus (Fagaceae:oak) stem, x.s. Keywords: secondary xylem, hardwood, ring porous, xylem rays Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) stem, x.s. Keywords: xylem rays, softwood, vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, phloem fibers, tracheids, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) secondary xylem, l.s., tracheids with bordered pits Keywords: tracheids, bordered pits, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Young hardwood tree, showing heartwood and sapwood Keywords: heartwood, sapwood, secondary xylem, hardwood Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) stem, radial l.s. Keywords: radial section, softwood, gymnosperm, secondary growth, xylem rays Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae: pine) stem, tangential l.s. Keywords: tangential section, softwood, gymnosperm, xylem rays, secondary growth Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine ) stem, x.s. Keywords: softwood, secondary growth, lateral branch, knot, resin canals, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus (Fagaceae:oak) stem, radial l.s. Keywords: hardwood, radial section, secondary xylem, xylem rays, vessel tube members Click Here to see image Legend: Quercus (Fagaceae:oak) stem, tangential l.s. Keywords: hardwood, tangential section, secondary xylem, xylem rays, vessel tube members Click Here to see image Legend: Two closely-related members of the birch family (Betulaceae), Carpinus caroliniana (hornbeam) and Ostrya virginiana (hop-hornbeam) have very different looking barks Keywords: periderm, diversity, evolution, bark, hardwood, cork cambium Click Here to see image Legend: Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) stem, x.s., to show cork cambium Keywords: periderm, bark, cork cambium, cork cells, phellem, phellogen, phelloderm Click Here to see image Legend: Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae:elderberry) young stem, x.s., to show lenticel Keywords: lenticel, secondary growth, hardwood, woody stem Click Here to see image Legend: Dracena (Agavaceae) stem, x.s., with secondary thickening meristems around the scattered vascular bundles Keywords: secondary thickening meristem, woody monocots Click Here to see image Legend: Elk "graffitti" on the bark of Populus tremuloides (Salicaceae:aspen) Keywords: periderm, bark, plant-animal interactions Click Here to see image Legend: Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae:sweet potato) stem, x.s. showing anomalous cambia Keywords: anomalous cambia, secondary growth Click Here to see image Legend: Robinia (Fabaceae:locust) stem, x.s. Keywords: annual rings, xylem rays, periderm, secondary xylem, heartwood, sapwood Click Here to see image Legend: Cornus florida (Cornaceae:flowering dogwood) bark, showing overlapping periderms Keywords: overlapping periderms, bark, phellem Click Here to see image Legend: Angiosperm Flower Keywords: angiosperm Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of a Flower Keywords: flower Click Here to see image Legend: Flower Stamen Keywords: flower stamen Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Ovaries-Ovules and Placenta Keywords: plant ovaries, ovule, placenta Click Here to see image Legend: Carpels of Drimys Keywords: carpels Click Here to see image Legend: Ovule Keywords: ovule Click Here to see image Legend: Development of a Polygonum-type embryo sac Keywords: embryo sac Click Here to see image Legend: Variation in Development of Embryo Sacs in Angiosperms Keywords: angiosperm embryo sacs Click Here to see image Legend: Flower Structure Keywords: flower Click Here to see image Legend: Modifications of the Basic Floral Design Keywords: floral design modifications Click Here to see image Legend: Inflorescence Types Keywords: inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: Alternation of Diploid (sporophyte) and Haploid (gametophyte) Generations Keywords: diploid, haploid Click Here to see image Legend: Pollination and Fertilization Keywords: pollination, fertilization Click Here to see image Legend: Common Types of Inflorescences Keywords: inflorescences Click Here to see image Legend: Seed Structure and Germination-Dicot, Garden Bean Keywords: seed, dicot Click Here to see image Legend: Seeds Keywords: seeds Click Here to see image Legend: Seed Germination Keywords: seed germination Click Here to see image Legend: Wind-dispersed Fruits and Seeds Keywords: wind-dispersed seeds Click Here to see image Legend: Seed Structure and Germination-Monocot, Corn Keywords: seed, monocot Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of a Typical Flower Keyword: flower Click Here to see image Legend: Inflorescence Types Keyword: inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: Regions of a Mature Fruit Keyword: fruit Click Here to see image Legend: A Silique After it Has Split Open Keyword: silique Click Here to see image Legend: Schizocarps of Carrots Keyword: schizocarp Click Here to see image Legend: Types of Seeds and Fruits Dispersed by Wind Keyword: seeds, fruits Click Here to see image Legend: Types of Seeds and Fruits Dispersed by Animals and Birds Keyword: seeds, fruits Click Here to see image Legend: Sedge Adaptation to Water Dispersal Keyword: sedge water dispersal Click Here to see image Legend: Filaree Fruitlets Keyword: filaree fruitlets Click Here to see image Legend: Garden Bean-Structure and Germination Keyword: bean structure & germination Click Here to see image Legend: Corn-Structure and Germination Keyword: corn structure & germination Click Here to see image Legend: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Keyword: asexual, sexual reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae) is a hummingbird pollinated member of the phlox family Keywords: sympetaly, hummingbird pollination, adaptive radiation, evolution, connation, tubular corolla, ornithophily Click Here to see image Legend: Carica papaya (Caricaceae:papaya) fruit with seeds Keywords: berry, fruit, seeds, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Geranium (Geraniaceae) pecies are dicots which produce a pentamerous flower Keywords: pentamerous, dicot flower, whorled, petals, nectar guides, stamens, choripetalous Click Here to see image Legend: Parietal placentation Keywords: ovary, parietal placentation, ovules Click Here to see image Legend: Free central placentation Keywords: ovary, ovules, free central placentation Click Here to see image Legend: Marginal placentation in the pea family (Fabaceae) Keywords: marginal placentation, pseudomonomerous, simple ovary, ovule, legume Click Here to see image Legend: Fused stamens in Hybiscus (Malvaceae) Keywords: connation, stamens, monadelphous Click Here to see image Legend: Platystemon (Papaveraceae:cream cups) like many poppy family members, is visited by bees for pollen Keywords: pollen, dicot flower, many stamens, radial symmetry Click Here to see image Legend: Nerium (Apocynaceae:oleander) flowers and leaves Keywords: sympetaly, radial symmetry, connation, alkaloids, cardioactive glycosides Click Here to see image Legend: Prunus (Rosaceae) flowers are perigynous and pseudomonomerous (one simple ovary) Keywords: pseudomonomerous, simple ovary, perigynous, hypanthium, superior ovary Click Here to see image Legend: Fritillaria ( Liliaceae:fritillary) capsules are produced from a compound ovary produced from the fusion of three carpels Keywords: compound ovary, connation, capsule, ovules, axile placentation, carpels Click Here to see image Legend: Cytisus ( Fabaceae:scotch broom) flowers are bilaterally symmetrical Keywords: papilionaceous flower, bilateral symmetry, bee pollination, dicot flower Click Here to see image Legend: Crassula falcata (Crassulaceae) flowers have four whorls, each with five separate parts Keywords: isomerous flowers, radial symmetry, simple ovaries, apocarpous, CAM metabolism, petals, carpels, choripetaly Click Here to see image Legend: Cultivated rose flowers usually have several "petals" that are actually modified, petaloid sterile stamens Keywords: petaloid stamens, staminodea, polyploidy, horticulture Click Here to see image Legend: Coleus (Lamiaceae), like many mints, produces a whorled inflorescence Keywords: whorled inflorescence, bilateral symmetry, opposite leaves, anthocyanins Click Here to see image Legend: Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) flowers have many separate parts arranged in spirals on a conical receptacle Keywords: besseyan flower, spiral flower arrangement, primitive angiosperm, evolution, apocarpous Click Here to see image Legend: Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) flowers are unisexual, yet insect pollinated Keywords: insect pollination, unisexual flowers, male flower, female flower, branched stigmas, hypogynous, superior ovary, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Helleborus (Ranunculaceae) flowers have five separate carpels, each of which produces a follicle Keywords: follicle, apocarpous, superior ovary Click Here to see image Legend: Malus (Rosaceae:apple) flowers have an inferior ovary, ultimately producing a pome fruit Keywords: inferior ovary, epigynous, pome, hypanthium Click Here to see image Legend: Prunus (Rosaceae) flowers are perigynous with a single, simple ovary surrounded by a distinct, cup-shaped hypanthium Keywords: hypanthium, perigynous, superior ovary, simple ovary, pseudomonomerous Click Here to see image Legend: The rose "hip" is actually a perigynous hypanthium which surrounds several separate pistils which produce achenes Keywords: achenes, perigynous, hypanthium, apocarpous, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Avena fatua (Poaceae:wild oats) spikelet with glumes and three florets Keywords: grass flower, spikelet, floret, glumes, lemma, awns Click Here to see image Legend: Avena fatua (Poaceae:wild oats) floret with the palea and lemma pulled back from view Keywords: stigmas, lodicules, grass flower, floret, versatile anthers, wind pollination, anemophily Click Here to see image Legend: Tricolpate pollen grain of Pedilanthus bracteatus (Euphorbiaceae) Keywords: pollen, exine, tricolpate Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium (Liliaceae:lily) ovary, x.s. Keywords: ovules, compound ovary, axile placentation, superior ovary, capsule, megasporogenesis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, x.s., megasporocyte Keywords: ovule, integuments, nucellus, megasporocyte, megasporogenesis, micropyle, embryo sac, meiosis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, first division Keywords: ovule, megasporogenesis, meiosis, first division, embryo sac Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, two-nucleate stage Keywords: meiosis, embryo sac, ovule, two-nucleate, megasporogenesis Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, first four-nucleate stage Keywords: meiosis, embryo sac, first four-nucleate, megasporogenesis, megaspores Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, migration stage Keywords: embryo sac, migration, ovule Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, second four-nucleate stage Keywords: embryo sac, second four-nucleate, ovule Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, eight-celled megagametophyte Keywords: embryo sac, megagametophyte, ovule, eight-celled, antipodals, synergids, egg nucleus, polar nuclei Click Here to see image Legend: Trillium (Liliaceae) flowers have parts in threes, typical of many monocots Keywords: monocot flower, whorled flower, radial symmetry, superior ovary, calyx, corolla, petals, sepals, stamens, compound ovary, trimerous flower Click Here to see image Legend: Lilium ovule, double fertilization Keywords: fertilization, double fertilization, ovule, endosperm nucleus, zygote, sperm, polar nuclei, synergids Click Here to see image Legend: This Acacia (Fabaceae) is a mimosoid legume that produces flowers in spikes Keywords: inflorescence, twice-pinnate leaves, spikes, mimosoid flower, showy stamens Click Here to see image Legend: Delphinium (Ranunculaceae:larkspur) often produces flowers in a raceme Keywords: inflorescence, bilateral symmetry, raceme, pedicel, nectar spur, bee pollination, melittophily Click Here to see image Legend: These Cornus (Cornaceae:dogwood) flowers are produced in a corymb Keywords: inflorescence, corymb Click Here to see image Legend: Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae:milkweeds) species usually produce flowers in an umbel Keywords: inflorescence, umbel, cardioactive glycosides, coevolution Click Here to see image Legend: Heracleum (Apiaceae:cow parsnip) and other parsley family members often produce compound umbels Keywords: inflorescence, compound umbel, inferior ovary, schizocarp Click Here to see image Legend: This rare South African Protea (Proteaceae) produces heads of flowers over eight inches across with showy red bracts to attract perching, nectar-feeding birds Keywords: inflorescence, head, bracts, perching bird pollination, ornithophily Click Here to see image Legend: Acer negundo (Aceraceae:box elder) is usually dioecious, producing either pistillate flowers (left) in condensed racemes or staminate flowers (right) in fascicles Keywords: dioecious, unisexual flowers, pistillate flowers, staminate flowers, palmately compound leaves, wind pollination, anemophily Click Here to see image Legend: Acer negundo (Aceraceae:box elder) pistillate flowers Keywords: staminate flowers, unisexual flowers, wind pollination, anemophily Click Here to see image Legend: Alnus (Betulaceae:alder) with last year's pistillate inflorescence (left) and erect pistillate and pendant staminate catkins (right) Keywords: inflorescence, monoecious, catkins, spikes, unisexual flowers, wind pollination, anemophily Click Here to see image Legend: This Ambrosia (Asteraceae:ragweed) produces staminate flowers and bur-like pistillate flowers on the same spike Keywords: inflorescence, spike, unisexual flowers, monoecious, wind pollination, anemophily Click Here to see image Legend: This grass has formed a clone which once started as an individual at the center of the ring Keywords: cloning, asexual reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Populus tremuloides ( Salicaceae:aspen) stands may be cloned from a single individual Keywords: cloning, asexual reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Piney woods in central Louisiana Keywords: biomes, mixed pine-hardwood forest, southern pine forest, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: A partially-disturbed remnant of the mixed to tall prairie in Chataqua, Kansas Keywords: biomes, grasslands, tall prairie, mixed prairie, vegetation, conservation Click Here to see image Legend: Short grass prairie or steppe, west of Laramie, Wyoming Keywords: biomes, vegetation, steppe, short grass prairie, grasslands, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: The palouse prairie in eastern Washington is a major wheat-growing area Keywords: biomes, grasslands, vegetation, palouse prairie, ecology, wheat Click Here to see image Legend: The coastal salt marsh, shown here near Galveston, Texas, is dominated by Distichlis spicata (poaceae:salt grass) Keywords: biomes, saltmarsh, grasslands, ecology, conservation, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Vernal pools like this one near Sacramento, California, are ephemeral ponds which form in the spring in grassland regions Keywords: biomes, vernal pools, grasslands, temporal isolation, ecology, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Opuntia (Cactaceae:cholla cactus) produced easily separated stem segments that can fall to the ground and form clones Keywords: asexual reproduction, cloning, vegetative propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Asclepias californica (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed) is primarily bee pollinated Keywords: bee pollination, bumblebees, radial symmetry, pollinia, melittophily Click Here to see image Legend: Oplopanax horridum (Araliaceae) is pollinated by a variety of insects, including beetles and flies Keywords: beetle pollination, cantharophily, fly pollination, myophily, umbel, inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: Episcia (Gesneriaceae) is moth pollinated Keywords: phalaenophily, moth pollination, tubular corolla, sympetaly, bilateral symmetry Click Here to see image Legend: Erysimum capitatum (Brassicaceae:wall flower) is usually butterfly pollinated Keywords: butterfly pollination, psychophily Click Here to see image Legend: Flowers in the genus Rubus (Rosaceae) produce aggregate fruits composed of many drupelets Keywords: aggregate fruit, drupelet, apocarpous, berry, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Campsis radicans (Bignoniaceae:trumpet creeper) is hummingbird pollinated Keywords: hummingbird pollination, bilateral symmetry, sympetaly, ornithophily Click Here to see image Legend: Cherries, produced by the genus Prunus (Rosaceae), are drupes, a type of berry Keywords: drupe, fruit, berry Click Here to see image Legend: Citrus fruits are a type of berry called a hesperidium Keywords: hesperidium, fruit, berry Click Here to see image Legend: Asclepias viridis (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed) produces a follicle Keywords: follicle, fruit, simple ovary, latex Click Here to see image Legend: The cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae) produces pepos, a type of berry Keywords: pepo, fruit, berry Click Here to see image Legend: Pomes, like these apples and pears, are accessory fruits produced from an inferior ovary Keywords: pome, accessory fruit, berry, inferior ovary Click Here to see image Legend: Calochortus (Liliaceae:mariposa lily) on the left and Iris (Iridaceae:iris) both produce capsules Keywords: compound ovary, fruit, capsule, dehiscence Click Here to see image Legend: Elongate fruits in the crucifer or mustard family (Brassicaceae) are called siliques Keywords: capsule, silique, compound ovary, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Short fruits in the crucifer or mustard family (Brassicaceae) are called silicles Keywords: silicle, compound ovary, capsule, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Acorns produced by the genus Quercus (Fagaceae:oaks) are classified as nuts Keywords: acorn, nut, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: The fruit produced by the maple family (Aceraceae) is both a schizocarp and a samara Keywords: schizocarp, samara, fruit, wind dispersal Click Here to see image Legend: Species in the genus Ulmus (Ulmaceae:elms) produce wind-blown samaras Keywords: samara, wind dispersal, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae:buttercup) flowers produce an aggregate of achenes Keywords: fruit, achene, apocarpous, aggregate fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Cereal grains, like rice, are termed a caryopsis Keywords: caryopsis, cereal grain, fruit, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Rhus (Anacardiaceae:sumac) produces flowers in a panicle Keywords: inflorescence, panicle, pinnately compound leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae:coconut) produces a nut adapted for water dispersal in the world's oceans Keywords: fruit, nut, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Tragopogon (Asteraceae:goat's beard) and many other sunflower family members use a modified calyx called the pappus to distribute their achenes via the wind Keywords: wind dispersal, pappus, fruits, achenes Click Here to see image Legend: Phoradendron (Viscaceae:mistletoe) has sticky fruits that can be dispersed by birds and other animals Keywords: fruits, animal dispersal, sticky fruits Click Here to see image Legend: The red fruits of Cornus (Cornaceae:dogwood) attract birds, which eat the fruits and later disperse the seeds Keywords: berry, fruit, bird dispersal Click Here to see image Legend: Medicago hispida (Fabaceae:bur clover) produces a spiny, tightly-coiled legume which may be dispersed by temporarily attaching to an animal's fur Keywords: bur, sticky fruit, animal dispersal, legume, fruit Click Here to see image Legend: Each of the five carpels of the Erodium (Geraniaceae) ovary produces a hygroscopic, spiral tail from part of the style that helps drill the seeds into the ground Keywords: schizocarp, fruit, hygroscopic Click Here to see image Legend: Pyracantha (Rosaceae) berries are pomes, produced from an inferior ovary Keywords: pome, inferior ovary, accessory fruit, fruit, berry Click Here to see image Legend: The seeds of most Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed) species produce a coma of hairs that aid in wind dispersal Keywords: coma, fruit, placenta, follicle, wind dispersal, seeds Click Here to see image Legend: Astragalus (Fabaceae:loco weed), a selenuim accumulator, often produces inflated legume pods Keywords: legume, fruit, selenium, mineral accumulation, alkaloids, simple ovary, papilionaceous flower Click Here to see image Legend: Crab spiders (Thomisidae) frequently hide among flowers to ambush unsuspecting pollinators Keywords: crab spiders, pollination, honey bee, predation Click Here to see image Legend: Capsella (Brassicaceae:shepherd's purse) seed with embryo before developing cotyledons Keywords: embryogenesis, early embryo, silicle, fruit, integument, seed coat, free nuclear endosperm, basal cell, suspensor, antipodal mass Click Here to see image Legend: Capsella (Brassicaceae:shepherd's purse) seed with embryo with early cotyledons Keywords: seed, integument, seed coat, antipodal mass, early cotyledons, embryo, cellular endosperm, basal cell, suspensor Click Here to see image Legend: Capsella (Brassicaceae:shepherd's purse) seed with mature embryo Keywords: seed, integument, mature embryo, cotyledons, seed coat Click Here to see image Legend: Experiments that Demonstrated the Existence of Auxins Keywords: auxins Click Here to see image Legend: Measuring Plant Hormones-Bioassay Keywords: bioassay Click Here to see image Legend: Measuring Plant Hormoes-Oat (Avena) Bioassay Keywords: bioassay Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of Indole-3-acetic Acid (IAA) Keywords: indole-3-acetic acid Click Here to see image Legend: IAA Keywords: IAA auxin Click Here to see image Legend: Polar Transport of Auxin (shaded) Keywords: auxin polar transport Click Here to see image Legend: Gibberellin Keywords: gibberellin Click Here to see image Legend: Three of the More Than Eighty Gibberellins Keywords: gibberellins Click Here to see image Legend: Cytokinins Keywords: cytokinins Click Here to see image Legend: Responses of Plant Tissue Culture to Kinetin and Auxin Keywords: kinetin, auxin Click Here to see image Legend: Biosynthesis of Ethylene from Methionine Keywords: biosynthesis, ethylene methionine Click Here to see image Legend: External Features of Woody Twigs Keywords: twigs Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of Abscisic Acid (ABA) Keywords: abscisic acid Click Here to see image Legend: Hormonal Interactions Influence Plant Growth and Development Keywords: hormonal interactions, plant growth Click Here to see image Legend: Went's Experiment Keyword: Went's experiment Click Here to see image Legend: How a Bioassay of Auxin is Made Keyword: auxin Click Here to see image Legend: The red color in this bottomland hardwood forest scene in Florida comes from the fruit of Acer rubra (Aceraceae:red maple) Keywords: biomes, vegetation, hardwood forest, ecology, eastern deciduous forest Click Here to see image Legend: Distinct seasons mark the temperate eastern deciduous hardwood forest Keywords: biomes, eastern deciduous forest, temperate hardwood forest, senescence Click Here to see image Legend: Charles Darwin's Demonstration of Spiraling Growth Keyword: Darwin's spiraling growth Click Here to see image Legend: Fall colors along the Shreveport, Louisiana King's Highway Bayou Keywords: senescence, accessory pigments, leaf color, pigments, abscisic acid, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: Auxin stimulates the production of adventitious roots like these anchoring roots of poison ivy Keywords: anchoring roots, auxin, adevntitious roots, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: The dwarf peas on the left were sprayed with gibberellin, those on the right were not Keywords: gibberellin, bolting, stem elongation, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: These insect galls on bald cypress are produced by cytokinin-like compounds in the sting of a female wasp Keywords: cytokinin, insect galls, cell division, plant-animal interactions, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: Differentiation in callus plugs can be controlled by the ratio of cytokinins to auxin Keywords: differentiation, auxin, cytokinin, callus plug, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: Young woody twigs of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in winter Keywords: lenticels, leaf scar, axillary buds, terminal buds, bud scales, abscisic acid, dormancy, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: Young woody twigs of Carya (Juglandaceae:hickory) in winter Keywords: lenticels, terminal bud scale scars, leaf scars, axillary buds, terminal buds, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: Brigg's Experiments Keywords: Brigg's experiments Click Here to see image Legend: Seismonasty in the Sensitive Plant Keywords: seismonasty, turgor Click Here to see image Legend: Flowering Responses to Daylength Keywords: plant flowering Click Here to see image Legend: Chailakhyan's Experiments (1) Keywords: florigen experiments Click Here to see image Legend: Chailakhyan's Experiments (2) Keywords: florigen experiments Click Here to see image Legend: Influence of Daylength and Night Length on Flowering Keywords: flowering Click Here to see image Legend: Phytochrome Keywords: phytochrome Click Here to see image Legend: A Clinostat Keyword: clinostat Click Here to see image Legend: Pulvinus of a Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica) Keyword: pulvinus Click Here to see image Legend: Contact Movements of the Stamens of a Barberry Flower Keyword: contact movement Click Here to see image Legend: Phytochrome Interconversions Keyword: phytochrome interconversion Click Here to see image Legend: Flowering Experiment Keyword: flowering Click Here to see image Legend: Flowers of Helianthella (Asteraceae:little sunflower) facing the morning sun Keywords: phototropism, heloitropism, auxin, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: When held sideways, Coleus (Lamiaceae) shoots exhibit negative gravitropism Keywords: gravitropism, auxin, hormones Click Here to see image Legend: This grape stem, tightly coiled around an oak, is triggering a wounding response as the oak increases its diameter Keywords: ethylene, auxin, thigmotropism Click Here to see image Legend: Thigmotropic coiling of petiolar tendrils in Smilax (Smilacaceae:greenbriar) aid in the climbing habit of this woody vine Keywords: petiolar tendrils, thigmotropism, vines, coiling Click Here to see image Legend: Mimosa (Fabaceae:sensitive plant) plants along a roadside in Costa Rica prior to a mechanical disturbance. See 19-6. Keywords: seismonasty, herbivory, pulvinus, motor cells, turgor Click Here to see image Legend: Mimosa (Fabaceae:sensitive plant) plants along a roadside in Costa Rica after a mechanical disturbance. Same view as 19-5. Keywords: seismonasty, herbivory, pulvinus, motor cells, turgor Click Here to see image Legend: Solidago (Asteraceae:goldenrods) is a common short-day, fall-blooming plant Keywords: photoperiodism, short-day plant, phytochrome, flowering response Click Here to see image Legend: Phlox pilosa(Polemoniaceae) and Trifolium rubrum (Fabaceae) are two common spring-flowering long-day plants Keywords: photoperiodism, long-day plants, phytochrome, flowering response Click Here to see image Legend: Trichocereus (Cactaceae: night-blooming cereus) flowers only open and produce an odor at night and are attractive to nocturnal bats and moths Keywords: bat pollination, chiropterophily, moth pollination, chiropterophily, circadian rhythms Click Here to see image Legend: Cation Exchange in Soil Keywords: cation exchange Click Here to see image Legend: Soil Under Three Conditions of Hydration Keywords: soil hydration Click Here to see image Legend: Discovering Essential Plant Nutrients Keywords: plant nutrients Click Here to see image Legend: Proportional Weights of Various Elements in Plants Keywords: plant elements Click Here to see image Legend: How the pH of Soil Affects the Availability of Nutrients Keywords: soil pH Click Here to see image Legend: Root Hairs Absorb Water and Nutrients from the Soil Keywords: root hairs Click Here to see image Legend: Apoplastic Versus Symplastic Pathways in Roots Keywords: root pathways Click Here to see image Legend: How Plants Get Nitrogen from the Soil Keywords: plants Click Here to see image Legend: Nitrogenase Keywords: nitrogenase Click Here to see image Legend: This peat-covered spodosol was formed under a boreal Tsuga (Pinaceae:hemlock) forest Keywords: spodosol, soil, peat, boreal forest, conifer forest, leaching Click Here to see image Legend: This lateritic crust (oxysol) was produced under what was once tropical seasonal forest in northern Benin Keywords: laterite, oxysol, tropical rain forest, seasonal rain forest, leaching, soil Click Here to see image Legend: Laterite, often referred to as ironstone, is formed when iron-rich tropical rain forest oxysols dry out after the forest is cut and destroyed Keywords: laterite, ironstone, oxysol, soil, tropical rain forest, leaching Click Here to see image Legend: Mollisols are nutrient-rich soils characteristic of semi-arid grasslands Keywords: mollisol, grasslands, calcification, soil Click Here to see image Legend: This chestnut-brown soil (an aridisol) was formed under Wyoming sagebrush scrub on a bed of loess Keywords: aridisol, soil, sagebrush scrub, calcification Click Here to see image Legend: Mistletoes, like Phoradendron juniperianum (Viscaceae) are greenish, but do not photosynthesize, gaining nutrition by parasitizing their host Keywords: parasitism, haustoria, epiphytes, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Stanleya pinnata (Brassicaceae:prince's plume) is a selenium accumulator Keywords: mineral accumulator, selenium, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Many crops, like these strawberries, can now be grown efficiently using hydroponic culturing techniques Keywords: hydroponics, nutrition, strawberries Click Here to see image Legend: These tomatoes are grown year round in a greenhouse using hydroponic culturing techniques Keywords: hydroponics, nutrition, tomatoes Click Here to see image Legend: Cuscuta (Cuscutaceae: dodder) is a haustorial, non-photosynthetic parasite in its own family, but related to the bindweeds and morning glories in the Convolvulaceae Keywords: parasitism, nutrition, haustoria Click Here to see image Legend: The non-photosynthetic Monotropa uniflora (Monotropaceae: indian pipe) utilizes mycorrhizal fungi as a nutrient bridge with other plants Keywords: parasitism, mycorrhizae, nutrition, roots Click Here to see image Legend: Anthoceros (Bryophyta:hornwort) thallus, x.s. with endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing blue-green bacterium Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) Keywords: cyanobacteria, bryophytes, endosymbiosis, nitrogen-fixation, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Epiphytes like this bromeliad (Bromeliaceae) use other plants to gain space and access to light, but do not parasitize their host Keywords: epiphytes, tropical rain forest, tropical deciduous forest, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Magnesium deficiency in tomato plants (left) with control (right) Keywords: minerals, nutrients, nutrition, magnesium Click Here to see image Legend: Potassium deficiency in tomato plants (left) with control (right) Keywords: potassium, nutrients, nutrition, minerals Click Here to see image Legend: Nitrogen deficiency in tomato plants (left) with control (right) Keywords: nitrogen, nutrients, nutrition, minerals Click Here to see image Legend: Iron deficiency in tomato plants (left) with control (right) Keywords: iron, nutrients, nutrition, minerals Click Here to see image Legend: Iron deficiency in Rhododendron (Ericaceae:azalea) Keywords: iron, nutrients, nutrition, chlorosis, minerals Click Here to see image Legend: A Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae:pitcher plants) bog in central Louisiana Keywords: insectivorous plants, carnivorous plants, nitrogen deficiency, pitcher plant bog, leaf modifications, nutrition Click Here to see image Legend: Sarracenia alata (Sarraceniaceae:pitcher plant) Keywords: pitcher plant, leaf modifications, nitrogen deficiency, nutrition, bog Click Here to see image Legend: Darlingtonia (Sarraceniaceae:cobra lily) in a pitcher plant bog in Butterfly Valley, California Keywords: pitcher plant, leaf modification, nitrogen deficiency, nutrition, bog Click Here to see image Legend: Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on a Column of Water Keywords: atmospheric pressure Click Here to see image Legend: Transpiration-cohesion Hypothesis Keywords: transpiration-cohesion Click Here to see image Legend: Diurnal Curve of Stomatal Opening Keywords: stomatal opening Click Here to see image Legend: Stomatal Opening and Closing Keywords: stomatal opening Click Here to see image Legend: Transpiration-photosynthesis Compromise Keywords: transpiration-photosynthesis Click Here to see image Legend: Pressure-flow Hypothesis for Solute Movement Keywords: pressure-flow, solute movement Click Here to see image Legend: Translocation of Sugar Keywords: translocation Click Here to see image Legend: Pressure Flow in the Phloem of Flowering Plants Keywords: pressure flow, phloem Click Here to see image Legend: Sucrose Loading into Phloem Keywords: phloem, sucrose Click Here to see image Legend: Guttation from leaf hydathodes in a tropical rain forest. Keywords: guttation, hydathodes, root pressure, tropical rain forest Click Here to see image Legend: Alkali sink in Death Valley, California Keywords: alkali, calcification, soils, mineral accumulation Click Here to see image Legend: The vertical leaves of Callistemon (Myrtaceae: bottle brush) produce palisade parenchyma on both sides of the leaf Keywords: vertical leaves, double palisade, leaf modifications, showy stamens Click Here to see image Legend: Clivia (Amaryllidaceae:kafir lily) vertical leaf with thick cuticle Keywords: vertical leaf, cuticle, leaf modification, double palisade, stomate, guard cells Click Here to see image Legend: Xerophytic Nerium (Apocynaceae:oleander) leaf with thick cuticle and stomatal crypts Keywords: xerophytic leaf, cuticle, stomatal crypts, leaf modifications Click Here to see image Legend: Aphid feeding on a leaf Keywords: aphid, phloem feeders, stylet, sieve tube Click Here to see image Legend: Evolutionary Historical Time Line Keywords: evolutionary theories Click Here to see image Legend: The Beagle Voyage Keywords: Beagle, Darwin Click Here to see image Legend: Darwin's Theory of Finches on the Gal‡pagos Islands Keywords: Darwin Click Here to see image Legend: Predictions of Malthus which Led to Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Keywords: Malthus, Darwin Click Here to see image Legend: The Five Kingdoms Keywords: kingdoms Click Here to see image Legend: Evolutionary History of Organisms Portrayed as a Tree Growing Through Time Keywords: organism evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Variations in Fruit Morphology Keywords: fruit morphology Click Here to see image Legend: Artificial Selection Keywords: artificial selection Click Here to see image Legend: Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying Selection for Leaf Margination Keywords: leaf margination Click Here to see image Legend: Gene Flow is Inhibited by Geographical Barriers Between Populations Keywords: gene flow Click Here to see image Legend: Genetic Drift Over Three Generations May Alter Gene Frequencies Keywords: genetic drift Click Here to see image Legend: Three Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction Enhance Genetic Variation Keywords: sexual reproduction mechanisms Click Here to see image Legend: Changes in the Average Size of Cells in a Population of E. Coli During 3,000 Generations Keywords: e. coli Click Here to see image Legend: Geological processes have exposed layers of ancient soils and fossils in the Grand Canyon Keywords: evolution, paleobiology, fossils Click Here to see image Legend: Psilotum (Psilophyta) is isotomously-branched, as are the earliest-known vascular plant fossils Keywords: evolution, psilophytes, isotomous branching, dichotomous branching, seedless vascular plants, synangia Click Here to see image Legend: This Cistus (Cistaceae:rock rose) has pink petals, colored by anthocyanins Keywords: evolution, anthocyanins, radial symmetry, many stamens Click Here to see image Legend: The primitive cactus, Pereskia (Cactaceae) has pink petals colored by betacyanins, and retains its leaves, suggesting a leafy ancestor to the cactus family Keywords: betacyanins, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae:columbine) is adapted primarily to bee pollination Keywords: evolution, adaptive radiation, bee pollination, melittophily Click Here to see image Legend: Aquilegia formosa (Ranunculaceae: columbine) is almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds Keywords: evolution, adaptive radiation, ornithophily, hummingbird pollination Click Here to see image Legend: Aquilegia pubescens (Ranunculaceae: columbine) is moth pollinated Keywords: evolution, phalaenophily, moth pollination, adaptive radiation Click Here to see image Legend: All these vegetables belong to one species in the mustard family, Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) Keywords: artificial selection, evolution, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: These pepos, all members of the cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae) probably arose from a single ancestral species, largely through artificial selection Keywords: artificial selection, evolution, food crop Click Here to see image Legend: Ecotypes of Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae: yarrow) near Bodega Bay, California are tall and robust Keywords: ecotypes, evolution, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: Ecotypes of Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae:yarrow) at higher elevations in the Sierra Nevada mountains are relatively short and fragile. Keywords: ecotypes, evolution, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: Bear valley, California supports a large population of Layia platyglossa (Asteraceae:tidy tips) in the early spring Keywords: population, evolution, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: This Calliandra (Fabaceae) is a mimosoid legume adapted to hummingbird pollination Keywords: mimosoid legume, adaptive radiation, hummingbird pollination, ornithophily, showy stamens, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: This Strelitzia (Strelitziaceae:bird of paradise) is adapted to perching birds Keywords: adaptive radiation, natural selection, evolution, perching bird pollination, ornithophily Click Here to see image Legend: Lipparia splendens (Fabaceae) is a South African papilionoid legume adapted to pollination by perching birds Keywords: papilionoid legume, perching bird pollination, ornithophily, natural selection, evolution, showy bracts Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus echinata (Pinaceae:short-needle pine) and Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), sympatric across much of the southern United States, maintain temporal isolation by shedding their pollen at different times Keywords: temporal isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, evolution, sympatry, gymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Caralluma (Asclepiadaceae) attracts fungus flies by its appearance and smell Keywords: succulent stems, convergence, adaptive radiation, sapromyophily, fly pollination, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: This Echinocereus (Cactaceae) has many characters in common with succulents from other families adapted to arid climates Keywords: convergence, adaptation, evolution, succulent stems, spines, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: This southwest African Hoodia (Asclepiadaceae) occupies an arid niche similar to some cacti in the new world Keywords: convergence, evolution, succulent stems, carrion fly pollination, sapromyophily, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: This African succulent Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) could easily be mistaken for a cactus by the casual observer Keywords: convergence, evolution, succulent stems, natural selection Click Here to see image Legend: Flowers of Clarkia speciosa (Onagraceae) open their stigmas only after their own pollen has been shed, increasing the likelihood of cross pollination Keywords: pollination, outcrossing, evolution, cross pollination, stigmas, radial symmetry Click Here to see image Legend: Two Species of Liriodendron Keywords: Liriodendron, hybrids Click Here to see image Legend: Comparisons of DNA Fingerprints Keywords: DNA fingerprints Click Here to see image Legend: Three Modes of Speciation Keywords: speciation Click Here to see image Legend: Speciation Keywords: speciation Click Here to see image Legend: Pollen Dispersal Keywords: pollen dispersal Click Here to see image Legend: Hybridization Keywords: hybridization Click Here to see image Legend: Sterility in Hybrids Keywords: hybrid sterility Click Here to see image Legend: Introgression Keywords: introgression Click Here to see image Legend: Polyploidy by Nondisjuction of Chromosomes-During Meiosis Keywords: polyploidy nondisjuction Click Here to see image Legend: Polyploidy by Nondisjunction of Chromosomes-Allopolyploidy Keywords: polyploidy, nondisjuction, allopolyploidy Click Here to see image Legend: Polyploidy Can Restore Fertility Keywords: polyploidy Click Here to see image Legend: Asclepias elata (left) and Asclepias glaucescens (Asclepiadaceae:milkweeds) are recognized as distinct species, but occasionally hybridize when sympatric Keywords: sympatry, speciation, reproductive isolation, hybridization Click Here to see image Legend: Calohortus superbus (Liliaceae:mariposa lily) shares many similarities with another mariposa lily, Calochortus venustus (see 23-3), suggesting a recent common ancestry Keywords: speciation, reproductive isolation, sister species, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Calohortus venustus (Liliaceae:mariposa lily), appears closely-related evolutionarily to Calochortus superbus (see 23-2) but the two species are allopatric in their distribution Keywords: speciation, allopatry, evolution, ancestry, sister species Click Here to see image Legend: Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae:dandelion) is a dubious species with varying morphology, chromosome numbers, and reproductive modes Keywords: variation, speciation, dubious species, apomixis, polyploidy, self-pollination, cross-pollination, ecotypes Click Here to see image Legend: Trachelospermum (Apocynaceae) is moth pollinated, producing a strong sweet odor only at night Keywords: temporal isolation, moth pollination, phalaenophily, speciation, adaptation, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Many cultivars, like this Camellia (Theaceae) are polyploids Keywords: polyploidy, speciation, artificial selection, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: In Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae:milkweeds) pollination, pollen packets must be inserted into a chamber, this process providing the opportunity for mechical isolation Keywords: mechanical isolation, reproductive isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, speciation Click Here to see image Legend: Cornus nuttallii (Cornaceae:western flowering dogwood) is geographically isolated from the eastern flowering dogwood, Cornus florida (see 23-9) Keywords: geographic isolation, allopatry, speciation, reproductive isolation Click Here to see image Legend: Cornus florida (Cornaceae:eastern flowering dogwood) is geographically isolated from the western flowering dogwood, Cornus nuttallii (see 23-8) Keywords: Click Here to see image Legend: Penstemon grinelli (Scrophulariaceae:beard's tongue)is bee pollinated but may occasionally hybridize with the hummingbird pollinated P. centranthifolia when they are sympatric (see 23-11) Keywords: sympatric speciation, hummingbird pollination, ornithophily, bee pollination, melittophily, wasp pollination, evolution, reproductive isolation, behavioral isolation, hybridization Click Here to see image Legend: Penstemon centranthifolius (Scrophulariceae:beard's tongue) is pollinated by hummingbirds (left) while P. spectabilis(right) is largely visited by wasps (see 23-10) Keywords: sympatric speciation, hybridization, evolution, hummingbird pollination, ornithophily, bee pollination, melittophily, wasp pollination, reproductive isolation, behavioral isolation Click Here to see image Legend: The eastern U.S. Asclepias syriaca (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed) intergrades in characteristics with the western A. speciosa (see 23-13) in Kansas and Nebraska Keywords: introgression, hybridization, speciation, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Asclepias speciosa (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed) and A. syriaca (see 23-12) share traits in the central U.S., where they are sympatric Keywords: introgression, hybridization , speciation, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: This individual, found in central Kansas, is probably a hybrid between Asclepias syriaca and A. speciosa (Asclepiadaceae:milkweeds) (see 23-13 and 23-12) Keywords: introgression, hybridization, speciation, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Ascepias macroura (Asclepiadaceae:milkweed), previously named as a distinct species, may actually be a hybrid between A. elata and A. glaucescens (see 23-1) Keywords: hybridization, speciation, evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Traditional Classification and Phylogeny of Plants Keywords: plant classification, phylogeny Click Here to see image Legend: Cladogram Showing the Phylogenetic Relationships of Three Species Keywords: phylogenic cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Cladogram-Anthocyanins Primitive, Betalains Derived Keywords: plant cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Cladogram-Betalains Primitive, Anthocyanins Derived Twice Keywords: plant cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Cladogram-Betalains Primitive, Anthocyanins Derived Once Keywords: plant cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: RNA-based Molecular Phylogeny of Life Keywords: molecular phylogeny Click Here to see image Legend: Hypothetical Derivations and Relationships Among Kingdoms and the Major Groups of Organisms Keyword: kingdoms Click Here to see image Legend: A Simple Cladogram Showing Relationships of Three Species Keyword: species cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Some systematic authors place the mimosoid legumes like Acacia (Fabaceae) in their own family, the Mimosaceae Keywords: diversity, evolution, systematics, scientific names, taxonomy Click Here to see image Legend: Some systematic authors place the caesalpinoid legumes, like Caesalpinia (Fabaceae) in their own family, the Caesalpiniaceae Keywords: diversity, evolution, systematics, scientific names, taxonomy Click Here to see image Legend: Some systematic authors place the papilionoid legume s. like Lupinus (Fabaceae) in their own family, the Fabaceae (sensu stricto) or the Papilionaceae Keywords: diversity, evolution, systematics, scientific names, taxonomy Click Here to see image Legend: Linnaea borealis(Caprifoliaceae: twin flower) was named in honor of Carl Von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus), the "Father of Modern Taxonomy" Keywords: modular growth, taxonomy, Linnaeus, systematics Click Here to see image Legend: 30S Subunit of Ribosomes in Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Eukaryotes Keywords: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Eukaryotes Click Here to see image Legend: Conjugation in Bacteria Keyword: bacteria conjugation Click Here to see image Legend: Unpigmented Bacteria and Blue-green Bacteria Keyword: bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Blue-green Bacteria (1) Keyword: bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Blue-green Bacteria (2) Keyword: bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Plant Virus Keyword: RNA polypeptide Click Here to see image Legend: Phage Virus Keyword: phage virus Click Here to see image Legend: Development of a Phage Virus Within a Bacillus Bacterium Keyword: phage virus Click Here to see image Legend: A Virus is a Nucleic Acid Coated with Protein Keyword: virus Click Here to see image Legend: Root nodules filled with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizobium, provide a source of nitrogen and an ecological adavantage to members of the legume family (Fabaceae) Keywords: nitrogen fixation, root nodules, bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Legume root nodule cells, x.s., filled with Rhizobium Keywords: nitrogen fixation, root nodules, bacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Nostoc balls (Cyanobacteria). Keywords: cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation, gelatinous sheath Click Here to see image Legend: The filamentous Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) with nitrogen-fixing heterocysts Keywords: cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation, heterocysts Click Here to see image Legend: Arthrospira (Cyanobacteria) Keywords: cyanobacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Gloeotrichia (Cyanobacteria) with basal nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and akinetes Keywords: nitrogen fixation, cyanobacteria, heterocysts, akinetes Click Here to see image Legend: The thermophilic bacteria that brilliantly color these pools in Yellowstone National Park belong in the Cyanobacteria Keywords: thermophilic bacteria, cyanobacteria Click Here to see image Legend: Mosaic viruses can form mosaic-like patterns on the leaves of certain flowering plants Keywords: mosaic virus Click Here to see image Legend: Slime Mold Life Cycle Keywords: slime mold life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: fe Cycle of Saprolegnia Keywords: saprolegnia life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Rhizopus Stolonifer Keywords: Rhizopus stolonifer life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Asexual Reproduction in Pilobolus Keywords: asexual reproduction in Pilobolus Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Member of the Ascomycota Keywords: ascomycota life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: urospora Crassa, an Ascomycete Used in Genetic Studies Keywords: ascomycete neurospora crassa Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Mushroom Keywords: mushroom life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Ectomycorrhizae Keywords: ectomycorrhizae Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Puccinia Graminis Keywords: Puccinia graminis life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Puccinia Pathway Keywords: Puccinia graminis Click Here to see image Legend: Dutch Elm Disease Keywords: Dutch elm disease Click Here to see image Legend: The Genus Amanita Keywords: Amanita Click Here to see image Legend: Coccidioides Immitis Keywords: coccidioides immitis Click Here to see image Legend: Asexual and Sexual reproduction of Rhizopus Stolonifer Keywords: sexual, asexual reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Sexual Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Keywords: ascomycete sexual life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Sexual Life Cycle of a Mushroom Keywords: mushroom sexual life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Clamp Connections Common in Basidiomycetes Keywords: clamp connections Click Here to see image Legend: Release of Sporangia of Pilobolus Keywords: sporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Cladistic Analysis of Fungi Keywords: fungi, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Chytrids Keyword: chytrids Click Here to see image Legend: Coenocytic Hyphae of a Water Mold Keyword: coenocytic hyphae Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Water Mold Saprolegnia Keyword: saprolegnia life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycles of the Black Bread Mold Rhizopus Keyword: Rhizopus life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: The Dung Fungus Pilobolus Keyword: pilobolus Click Here to see image Legend: How a Yeast Cell Reproduces Asexually by Budding Keyword: budding Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Sac Fungus Keyword: sac fungus life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Typical Mushroom Keyword: mushroom life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Black Stem Rust of Wheat

Click Here to see image Legend: These Stereum ostrea (Basidiomycota:oyster shell bracket) basidiocarps produce basidia on the under surface of the cap rather than in pores or on gills Keywords: Basidiomycota, bracket fungus, basidiocarp, fungi, basidiomycete Click Here to see image Legend: Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) is an edible and tasty bracket fungus producing basidia on gills which line the lower surface Keywords: fungi, Basidiomycota, bracket fungus, gills, basidiomycete Click Here to see image Legend: This jelly fungus, Tremella mesenterica, produces a jelly-like basidiocarp Keywords: fungi, Basidomycota, jelly fungus, basidiomycete Click Here to see image Legend: Cyathus species are called bird's nest fungi because they produce egg-like peridioles containing basidiospores inside a nest-like cup Keywords: fungi, Basidiomycota, bird's nest fungus, basidiocarp, basidiomycete, peridiole Click Here to see image Legend: Scleroderma and other puff balls belong in the Basidiomycota Keywords: puff balls, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, basidiocarp, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Basidiocarps of many bracket fungi like this polypore may form rosettes if growing from subsurface rotting wood Keywords: polypore, bracket fungus, Basidiomycota, basidiomycete, basidiocarp, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Mycena species are wood rotting basidiomycetes that often produce myriads of small gilled basidiocarps on the surface of rotting logs Keywords: basidiomycetes, basidiocarps, Basidiomycota, gills, wood rotting fungi Click Here to see image Legend: These asexual sporangia of Aspergillus, a deuteromycete, produce thousands of mitospores called conidia Keywords: mitospores, conidia, deuteromycete, Deuteromycota, fungi imperfecti, conidiophore, sporangium Click Here to see image Legend: Rhizopus (bread mold) filaments of different sexual strains conjugate to form zygospores Keywords: conjugation, Zygomycota, zygomycetes, zygospores, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: The bread mold, Rhizopus, reproduces asexually by producing mitospores in sporangia Keywords: sporangia, mitospores, Zygomycota, asexual reproduction, zygomycetes, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Morels, like this Morchella species, produce ascocarps highly prized for their flavor and texture Keywords: ascomycetes, Ascomycota, morel, ascocarp, apothecium, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Chanterelles, like these Cantharellus basidiocarps, are quite edible and delicious Keywords: basidiomycetes, fungi, basidiocarps, Basidiomycota, chanterelle Click Here to see image Legend: Russula emetica, a common gilled basidiomycete, is inedible Keywords: basidiomycete, Basidiomycota, gills, basidiocarp, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Saccharomyces yeasts are unicellular ascomycetes that produce ascospores inside their cell wall Keywords: ascomycetes, ascospores, yeasts, fungi, Ascomycota Click Here to see image Legend: Peziza is an ascomycete that produces a cup-shaped apothecium Keywords: ascomycete, ascocarp, apothecium, Ascomycota, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Peziza apothecium, l.s., to show asci and ascospores in the hymenial layer Keywords: ascomycete, fungi, Ascoomycota, apothecium, ascocarp, hymenial layer, asci, ascus, ascospores, paraphyses Click Here to see image Legend: Penicillium producing conidia, growing on agar in a petri dish Keywords: ascomycete, deuteromycete, conidia, mitospores, Ascomycota, deuteromycota, fungi, penicillin Click Here to see image Legend: The slime mold, Lycogala, beginning to form fruiting bodies Keywords: slime mold, fungi, Myxomycota, plasmodium, fruiting body Click Here to see image Legend: This powdery mildew, Uncinula, infects grape leaves and fruit, producing both conidia and the cleistothecia seen here Keywords: cleistothecia, powdery mildew, ascomycete, ascocarp, fungi, Ascomycota Click Here to see image Legend: The ascomycete, Sordaria, produces asci in a perithecium Keywords: perithecium, ascomycete, Ascomycota, asci, ascus, ascocarp, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Crustose lichens are an important first step in geologic succession from bare rock Keywords: crustose lichens, Ascomycota, symbiosis, fungi, succession Click Here to see image Legend: Apothecia can be clearly seen on this foliose lichen Keywords: apothecia, Ascomycota, foliose lichen, ascomycetes, ascocarp, succession, symbiosis, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Fruticose lichens often grow as epiphytes on shrubs and trees Keywords: fruticose lichen, Ascomycota, ascomycete, fungi, epiphyte, ascocarp, apothecium, symbiosis Click Here to see image Legend: Physcia apothecium with algal symbiont Keywords: lichen, fungi, symbiosis, apothecium, ascocarp, Ascomycota, ascomycete, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Puccinia graminis (wheat rust) uredia on wheat (left), Gymnosporangium rust on mayhaw (right) Keywords: rusts, fungi, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, uredia, heteroecious Click Here to see image Legend: Pycnia and aecia of Puccinia graminis (Basidiomycota:wheat rust) on Mahonia (Berberidaceae:barberry) leaf, x.s. Keywords: rusts, fungi, heteroecious, Basidiomycota, basidiomycete, aecia, pycnia, spermogonia, spermatia, aeciospores Click Here to see image Legend: Uredia (left) and telia (right) of Puccinia graminis (Basidiomycota:wheat rust) on wheat leaf, x.s. Keywords: rusts, fungi, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, uredia, uredospores, telia, teliospores, heteroecious Click Here to see image Legend: Coprinus (Basidiomycota) basidiocarps are often called "inky caps" because they turn black and melt away as they age Keywords: basidiocarp, basidiomycetes, Basidiomycota, gills, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Coprinus (Basidiomycota:inky cap) pileus, x.s., to show hymenial layer and basidiospores Keywords: basidiocarp, basidiomycetes, gills, hymenial layer, basidia, basidiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Boletus (Basidiomycota) and other polypores produce basidia in pores on the underside of their basidiocarps Keywords: pores, basidiocarps, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, basidia, basidiospores, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: These "moose-ears" are the basidiocarps of the jelly fungus, Auricularia auricula Keywords: basidiocarps, fungi, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, jelly fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Aethalia of Lycogala, a plasmodial slime mold (Myxomycota) Keywords: sporangium, aethalia, slime mold, Myxomycota, myxomycete Click Here to see image Legend: Sporangia of a plasmodial slime mold (Myxomycota) Keywords: sporangium, plasmodium, slime mold, fungi, Mysomycota, myxomycete Click Here to see image Legend: Plasmodium of Physarum, sect Keywords: slime mold, plasmodium, myxomycete, Myxomycota Click Here to see image Legend: Many of the coral and tooth fungi produce highly-branched basidiocarps Keywords: coral fungus, basidiocarp, fungi, Basidiomycota, basisiomycete Click Here to see image Legend: The gilled genus Amanita (Basidiomycota) contains a few edible species but also includes several deadly species Keywords: poisonous mushrooms, fungi, basidiocarps, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes Click Here to see image Legend: Taphrina deformans (Ascomycota: peach leaf curl) is related to the yeasts and bears "naked" asci on the surface of infected leaves Keywords: yeasts, fungi, asci, ascus, ascospores, Ascomycota, ascomycetes Click Here to see image Legend: Saprolegnia (Oomycota:water mold) to show Oogonia, sect Keywords: Oomycota, oomycetes, fungi, water mold, oogonia Click Here to see image Legend: Arcyria (Myxomycota) sporangium and capillitium, w.m. Keywords: slime mold, fungi, capillitium, myxomycete, Myxomycota, sporangium Click Here to see image Legend: Erisiphe graminis (Ascomycota:powdery mildew of cerealcrops) conidia (left) and cleistothecia (right) Keywords: powdery mildew, ascomycetes, Ascomycota, cleistothecia, ascocarps, asci, ascospores, conidia Click Here to see image Legend: Cortinarius (Basidiomycota) basidiocarps, showing gills and remnants of the inner veil Keywords: basidiocarps, Basidiomycota, basidiomycetes, inner veil, gills, fungi Click Here to see image Legend: Dinoflagellates Keywords: dinoflagellates Click Here to see image Legend: Three Types of Life Cycles in Algae Keywords: algae life cycles Click Here to see image Legend: Gametes of Algae Keywords: algae gametes Click Here to see image Legend: Euglena Keywords: Euglena Click Here to see image Legend: Relationship of Green Algae and Plants Keywords: green algae, plants, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Stages in Sexual Reproduction in Chlamydomonas Keywords: chlamydomonas sexual reproduction Click Here to see image Legend: Tetracystis Keywords: tetracystis Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Cladophora Keywords: cladophora life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Five classes of Green Algae Keywords: green algae, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Motile Cells of Brown Algae Keywords: brown algae Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Ectocarpus Keywords: ectocarpus life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Conceptacles of Fucus Keywords: fucus Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Polysiphonia Keywords: polysiphonia life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Cell Division in Diatoms Keywords: diatoms Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of the Algae (1) Keywords: algae cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of the Algae (2) Keywords: algae cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Chrysophyta Keyword: chrysophyta Click Here to see image Legend: Statospores Keyword: statospores Click Here to see image Legend: Dinoflagellates Keyword: Dinoflagellates Click Here to see image Legend: Euglena Keyword: Euglena Click Here to see image Legend: Chlamydomonas Keyword: chlamydomonas Click Here to see image Legend: Sexual Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas Keyword: chlamydomonas sexual life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Ulothrix Keyword: Ulothrix life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Oedogonium Keyword: Oedogonium life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of the Brown Alga Nereocystis a Kelp Keyword: nereocystis Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Common Rockweed, Fucus Keyword: Fucus life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Red Alga Polysiphonia Click Here to see image Legend: Ulothrix (Chlorophyta) with chloroplasts and sporangia Keywords: Chlorophyta, tetrasporine line, chloroplasts, sporangia, mitospores, algae, filamentous Click Here to see image Legend: Drapernaldia (Chlorophyta), a derived, heterotrichous, tetrasporine green alga Keywords: Chlorophyta, tetrasporine line, heterotrichy, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Hydrodictyon (Chlorophyta), a coenocytic, siphonous green alga Keywords: Chlorophyta, siphonous line, algae, coenocytic, multinucleate Click Here to see image Legend: Volvox (Chlorophyta), a complex, colonial, volvocine green alga Keywords: Chlorophyta, volvocine line, algae, colonial Click Here to see image Legend: Pandorina (Chlorophyta), a relatively simple, colonial, volvocine green alga Keywords: Chlorophyta, volvocine line, algae, colonial Click Here to see image Legend: Gonium (Chlorophyta), another simple volvocine green alga Keywords: Chlorophyta, volvocine line, algae, colonial Click Here to see image Legend: Oedogonium (Chlorophyta), a tetrasporine green alga with dwarf antheridial filament attached near an oogonium Keywords: heterothallic, Chlorophyta, algae, tetrasporine line, oogonium, antheridium, filamentous Click Here to see image Legend: Spirogyra (Chlorophyta) vegetative filaments (left) and conjugating filaments (right) Keywords: Chlorophyta, tetrasporine line, conjugation, zygotes, algae, filamentous Click Here to see image Legend: Chara (Charophyta) with oogonia and antheridia Keywords: Charophyta, algae, oogonia, antheridia Click Here to see image Legend: Oogonium and antheridium of Chara (Charophyta), l.s. Keywords: Charophyta, algae, oogonium, antheridium Click Here to see image Legend: Ulva (Chlorophyta) to show parenchymatous growth pattern Keywords: Chlorophyta, tetrasporine line, parenchymatous growth, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Unilocular and plurilocular sporangia of Ectocarpus (Phaeophyta) Keywords: unilocular sporangia, plurilocular sporangia, Phaeophyta, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Macrocystis (Phaeophyta) sporophyte, Monterey Bay, California Keywords: Phaeophyta, sporophyte, algae, kelp Click Here to see image Legend: Monoecious conceptacle of Fucus (Phaeophyta) with antheridia and oogonia Keywords: Phaeophyta, oogonia, antheridia, conceptacle, kelp Click Here to see image Legend: Corallina (Rhodophyta), a lime encrusted red alga Keywords: Rhodophyta, lime, algae, reef formation Click Here to see image Legend: Polysiphonia (Rhodophyta) gametophyte with antheridia Keywords: Rhodophyta, gametophyte, antheridia, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Polysiphonia (Rhodophyta) carposporophytes (carpogonia) with carpospores on gametophyte filaments Keywords: Rhodophyta, carpospores, carposporophyte, carpogonia, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Polysiphonia (Rhodophyta) tetrasporophyte filaments with tetraspores Keywords: Rhodophyta, algae, tetrasporophyte, tetraspores, meiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Fucus (Phaeophyta) growing on intertidal rocks near Bar Harbor, Maine Keywords: Phaeophyta, algae, intertidal zone, kelp Click Here to see image Legend: Fucus (Phaeophyta) sporophyte, showing receptacles dotted with conceptacles Keywords: receptacles, conceptacles, sporophyte, kelp, Phaeophyta, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Mixed diatoms (Chrysophyta:Bacillariophyceae) Keywords: Chrysophyta, diatoms, bacillariophyceae, algae, pennate Click Here to see image Legend: Ceratium (Pyrrhophyta), an armored dinoflagellate Keywords: Pyrrhophyta, dinoflagellate, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Vaucheria (Chrysophyta:Xanthophyceae), a yellow-green alga with antheridia and oogonia Keywords: Chrysophyta, Xanthophyceae, algae, antheridia, oogonia Click Here to see image Legend: Euglena (Euglenophyta) Keywords: Euglenophyta, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Phacus (Euglenophyta) Keywords: Euglenophyta, algae Click Here to see image Legend: Four centric and one pennate diatom Keywords: Chrysophyta, Bacillariophyceae, diatoms, Pennales, Centrales, pennate, centric Click Here to see image Legend: Red snow, seen here near Beartooth summit in Wyoming, is caused by Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga (Chlorophyta) Keywords: red snow, alpine tundra, algae, Chlorophyta Click Here to see image Legend: General Life Cycle of a Moss Keywords: moss life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Bryum Capillare Keywords: Bryum capillare moss Click Here to see image Legend: Structure of Mosses Keywords: moss Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Marchantia Keywords: marchantia life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Anthoceros, a Hornwort Keywords: anthoceros, hornwort Click Here to see image Legend: Common Ancestry of Green Algae, Bryophytes, and Vascular Plants Keywords: green algae, bryophytes, vascular plant cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Cladistic Analysis of Ribosomal RNA Sequences Keywords: bryophytes, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia Thallus Keyword: Marchantia thallus Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Thalloid Liverwort Marchantia Keyword: Marchantia thallus life cycke Click Here to see image Legend: Sporophyte of Marchantia Keyword: Marchantia sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Hornwort Sporophyte Keyword: hornwort sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: A Portion of a Peat Moss (Sphagnum) Leaf Keyword: sphagnum leaf Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Moss Keyword: moss life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Anthoceros (Bryophyta:hornworts) gametophyte with elongate sporophytes Keywords: Bryophyta, Anthocerotae, hornworts, gametophyte, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Anthoceros (Bryophyta:hornworts) gametophyte with emerging sorophyte, w.m. Keywords: Bryophyta, Anthocerotae, gametophyte, sporophyte, hornworts, foot, intercalary meristem Click Here to see image Legend: Anthoceros (Bryophyta:hornworts) sporophyte, l.s. Keywords: Bryophyta, Anthocerotae, hornworts, sporophyte, meiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) gametophyte with gemmae cups Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverwort, gemmae cups, gemmae, asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) gametophyte with antheridial heads on short antheridiophores Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverworts, gametophyte, antheridial heads Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) antheridial head, l.s., with antheridia Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverworts, antheridial head, antheridia, gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) gametophytes with archegoniophores and emerging sporophytes Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, gametophyte, liverworts, archegoniophores, archegonial heads, sporophytes Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) archegonial head, l.s., with archegonium and young developing sporophytes Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverworts, archegonial head, archegonium, sporophytes, gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) archegonium, l.s., with embryo sporophyte Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverworts, archegonium, embryo sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Moss (Bryophyta) gametophyte with protonema, bulbils, and young "leafy shoot" Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, gametophyte, protonema, bulbils Click Here to see image Legend: Polytrichum (Bryophyta:moss) gametophyte Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Moss gametophytes and sporophytes Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, gametophyte, sporophyte, seta, capsule Click Here to see image Legend: Polytrichum (Bryophyta:moss) gametophytes with antheridial and archegonial heads Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, gametophytes, antheridial heads, archegonial heads Click Here to see image Legend: Moss (Bryophyta) archegonial head, l.s., showing the venter and neck base of an archegonium Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, archegonial head, archegonium, venter, neck, egg, ventral canal cell, paraphyses, perigonial leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Moss (Bryophyta) antheridial head, l.s. Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, antheridial head, antheridia, paraphyses, perichaetal leaves Click Here to see image Legend: Moss capsule, l.s. Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, capsule, sporangium, meiospores, seta Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverwort) gametophyte thallus, x.s., with pore Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, thallus, pore, rhizoids Click Here to see image Legend: Marchantia (Bryophyta:liverworts) gemmae cup, l.s., with gemmae Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverworts, gemmae cup, gemmae, asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Sphagnum (Bryophyta:sphagnum moss) gametophyte Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, gametophyte, sphagnum moss, peat Click Here to see image Legend: Sphagnum (Bryophyta:sphagnum moss) thallose protonema Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, sphagnum moss, thallose protonema Click Here to see image Legend: Riccia (Bryophyte: liverwort) gametophyte with sporophytes Keywords: Bryophyta, Hepaticae, liverwort, thallus, gametophyte, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Polytrichum (Bryophyta:moss) sporophytes with calyptra Keywords: Bryophyta, Musci, moss, sporophytes, calyptra Click Here to see image Legend: Sphagnum (Bryophyta:sphagnum moss) bog on Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada Keywords: vegetation, sphagnum bog, Bryophyta, Musci, moss, succession Click Here to see image Legend: Generalized Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants Keywords: vascular plants life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Views of a Leaf Gap Keywords: leaf gap Click Here to see image Legend: Possible Pathways For the Evolution of Leaves From Branches Keywords: evolution leaves branches Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Psilotum Keywords: psilotum life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Allomyces Arbusculus Keywords: allomyces arbusculus life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Sporophyll of Lycopdium, a Club Moss Keywords: lycopodium Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Lycopodium Keywords: lycopodium life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Selaginella Keywords: selaginella life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Horsetails Keywords: horsetails Click Here to see image Legend: Longitudinal View of the Vascular Tissue of Equisetum Keywords: equisetum Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Equisetum Keywords: equisetum life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum Stem With a Strobilus and a Sporangiophore Keywords: Equisetum sporangiophore Click Here to see image Legend: Spores of Equisetum and Elaters Keywords: equisetum spores, elaters Click Here to see image Legend: Emergent Sporophyte of Equisetum Keywords: equisetum sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Fern Polypodium Keywords: polypodium fern life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Young Fern Sporophyte Growing Out of Its Gametophyte Parent Keywords: sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Thelypteris Normalis Gametophytes Keywords: thelypteris normalis gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Reconstruction of the Genus Lepidodendron Keywords: lepidodendron Click Here to see image Legend: Exarch and Endarch Xylem Development Keywords: exarch, endarch xylem Click Here to see image Legend: Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughanii Keywords: rhynia gwynne-vaughanii gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Cladogram of Land Plants Keywords: land plants, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of Psilotum Keyword: Psilotum life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Ground Pine Lycopodium Keyword: Lycopodium life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of the Spike Moss Selaginella Keyword: Selaginella life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Quillwort (Isoetes) Keyword: Isoetes life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Horsetail (Equisetum) Keyword: Equisetum life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Horsetail spores Keyword: horsetail spores Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Fern Keyword: fern life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinnae of Fern Fronds, Showing Some Types of Arrangements of Sporangia Keyword: fern frond pinnae Click Here to see image Legend: Release of Spores from a Fern Sporangium Keyword: fern sporangium Click Here to see image Legend: Ancient Prefern Keyword: preferns Click Here to see image Legend: Polystichum (Pterophyta:sword fern) sporophyte Keywords: fern, sporophyte, Pterophyta, seedless vascular plant Click Here to see image Legend: Polystichum (Pterophyta:sword fern) abaxial leaf surface with indusiate sori Keywords: fern, Pterophyta, sporophyte, abaxial sori, sorus, indusia Click Here to see image Legend: Polypodium (Pterophyta:resurrection fern) abaxial leaf surface with exindusiate sori Keywords: Pterophyta, fern, abaxial sori, sorus, sporangia, leptosporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopodium (Lycopodophyta:ground pine) sporophytes with strobili Keywords: Lycopodophyta, ground pines, microphylls, sporophylls, strobilus, seedless vascular plant, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopodium (Lycopodophyta) stem, x.s., showing plectostele Keywords: Lycopodophyta, stem, protostele, plectostele, xylem, phloem, trabeculae Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopodium (Lycopodophyta) strobilus, l.s. Keywords: Lycopodophyta, strobilus, sporophyll, meiospores, spores, sporangium Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopodium alpinum (Lycopodophyta: club moss) sporophyte Keywords: Lycopodophyta, strobilus, sporophyte, seedless vascular plant Click Here to see image Legend: Psilotum nudum (Psilotophyta:whisk fern) sporophyte Keywords: Psilotophyta, whisk fern, sporophyte, isotomous branching, dichotomous branching, synangia, seedless vascular plant Click Here to see image Legend: Psilotum nudum (Psilotophyta:whisk fern) sporophyte with synangia Keywords: Psilotophyta, whisk fern, synangia, sporangia, dichotomous branching, seedless vascular plant, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Psilotum (Psilotophyta:whisk fern) stem, x.s. Keywords: Psilotophyta, whisk fern, stem, protostele, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Psilotum (Psilotophyta:whisk fern) young stem and synangium, x.s. Keywords: Psilotophyta, whisk fern, stem, synangium, sporophyte, sporangia, meiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Tmesipteris (Psilotophyta) synangium, l.s. Keywords: Psilotophyta, synangium, sporopyte, seedless vascular plant, sporanagia, meiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Selaginella (Lycopodophyta:shining club moss) strobilus, l.s. Keywords: Lycopodophyta, shining club moss, strobilus, heterospory, megaspores, microspores, megasporophylls, microsporophylls, megasporangia, microsporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Selaginella (Lycopodophyta:shining club moss) sporophyte Keywords: Lycopodophyta, shining club moss, sporophyte, anisophylly, microphylls, rhizophores Click Here to see image Legend: Selaginella (Lycopodophyta:shining club moss) stem, x.s. Keywords: Lycopodophyta, shining club moss, trabeculae, protostele, plectostele, stem Click Here to see image Legend: Selaginella (Lycopodophyta:shining club moss) megagametophyte with young emerging sporophyte Keywords: Lycopodophyta, shining club moss, gametophyte, heterospory, endosporic, sporophyte, megagametophyte, microgametophytes Click Here to see image Legend: Lycopodium (Lycopodophyta) gemma, l.s. Keywords: Lycopodophyta, gemma, asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) gametophyte with antheridia Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, gametophyte, antheridia Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) gametophyte with embryo sporophyte Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, gametophyte, embryo sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) strobilus Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, sporophyte, strobilus, sporangiophores, microphylls Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum arvense (Equisetophyta: horsetails), vegetative habit Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, sporophyte, seedless vascular plants, lateral branches, whorled branches Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) meiospores with elaters Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, spores, meiospores, elaters Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) stem, x.s. Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, stem, vallecular canal, carinal canal, silica Click Here to see image Legend: Isoetes (Lycopodophyta:quillworts) sporophyte habit Keywords: Lycopodophyta, quillworts, microphylls, sporophyte, vernal pool, seedless vascular plant Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum arvense (Equisetophyta:horsetails) sporophyte habit with fertile and sterile stems Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, sterile stems, fertile stems, strobilus, sporophyte, seedless vascular plant Click Here to see image Legend: Isoetes (Lycopodophyta:quillworts) stem, l.s. Keywords: Lycopodophyta, quillworts, stem, root traces, microphyll traces Click Here to see image Legend: Isoetes (Lycopodophyta:quillworts) megasporophyll (left) and microsporophyll (right) Keywords: Lycopodophyta, quillworts, heterospory, sporophylls, microsporophyll, megasporophyll, microspores, megaspores Click Here to see image Legend: Circinate vernation in a fern frond (Pterophyta:Filicales) Keywords: fern, Pterophyta, megaphyll, circinate vernation Click Here to see image Legend: Azolla (Pterophyta:Salviniales), a heterosporous, leptosporangiate water fern Keywords: Pterophyta, heterospory, water fern, Salviniales, kariba weed Click Here to see image Legend: Cyathea (Pterophyta:Cyatheaceae) tree ferns in a southern Mexico cloud forest Keywords: Pterophyta, tree ferns, vegetation, montane cloud forest, sporophyte, seedless vascular plants Click Here to see image Legend: Polystichum (Pterophyta:sword fern) sorus, l.s. Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, sori, sorus, indusium, leptosporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Polypodium (Pterophyta:resurrection fern) sorus, l.s. Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, sori, sorus, leptosporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Adiantum (Pterophyta:maidenhair fern) leaf, x.s., with sorus, l.s. Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, sori, sorus, leptosporangia, false indusium Click Here to see image Legend: Fern (Pterophyta:Filicales) prothallus with rhizoids Keywords: Pterophyta, gametophyte, ferns, rhizoids, prothallus Click Here to see image Legend: Fern (Pterophyta:Filicales) prothallus, w.m., with rhizoids, archegonia, and a few antheridia Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, prothallus, gametophyte, antheridia, archegonia, rhizoids Click Here to see image Legend: Fern (Pterophyta:Filicales) prothallus with antheridia Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, prothallus, gametophyte, antheridia, rhizoids Click Here to see image Legend: Fern (Pterophyta:Filicales) prothallus with young emerging sporophyte Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, prothallus, gametophyte, sporophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horsetails) stem, x.s. Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, sporophyte, stem, vallecular canal, carinal canal, central canal Click Here to see image Legend: Polypodium (Pterophyta:resurrection fern) rhizome, x.s. Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, stem, rhizome, dictyostele, siphonostele, meristeles Click Here to see image Legend: Pteridium aquilinum (Pterophyta:bracken fern) rhizome, x.s. Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, polycyclic dictyostele, siphonostele, meristele, sclerenchyma Click Here to see image Legend: Fern prothallus, x.s., with archegonia Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, archegonium, egg, ventral canal cell, neck canal cells, venter, neck, prothallus, gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Equisetum (Equisetophyta:horse tails) strobilus, x.s. Keywords: Equisetophyta, horsetails, strobilus, sporangiophores, sporangia, meiospores Click Here to see image Legend: Adiantum (Pterophyta: maidenhair fern) abaxial leaf surface to show false indusia and dichotomous venation Keywords: Pterophyta, ferns, false indusia, dichotomous venation, sori, sorus Click Here to see image Legend: Botrychium (Pterophyta: Ophioglossales: grape fern) gametophyte with endophytic fungus and anatheridial ridge Keywords: Pterophyta, Ophioglossales, gametophyte, endophytic fungus, antheridial ridge Click Here to see image Legend: Botrychium (Pterophyta:Ophioglossales) is a eusporangiate fern Keywords: Pterophyta, Ophioglossales, eusporangia Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of Seeds Keywords: seeds Click Here to see image Legend: Longitudinal Section Through an Ovule of Pine (Pinus) Keywords: pine pinus avule Click Here to see image Legend: Progymnosperms Keywords: progymnosperms Click Here to see image Legend: Emplectopteris Keywords: emplectopteris, seed ferns Click Here to see image Legend: Reproductive Structures of Representative Seed Ferns Keywords: seed ferns, lyginopteris, callistophyton Click Here to see image Legend: Cycadeoidea Keywords: cycadeoidea Click Here to see image Legend: Cycadeoid Strobilus Keywords: cycadeoid strobilus Click Here to see image Legend: Reproductive Structures of the Cordaitales and Voltziales Keywords: cordaitales, voltziales Click Here to see image Legend: Phylogenetic Relationships Among Seed Plants Keywords: seed plants cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Cladogram of Living Seed Plants Keywords: seed plants cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Exposed Gymnosperm Seeds and Enclosed Angiosperm Seeds Keyword: seeds Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Pine Keyword: pine life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus contorta (Pinaceae:beach pine) with pollen-shedding microsporangiate cones and receptive ovulate cones, life cycle, monoecious Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, reproduction, pollen, ovulate cones, microsporangiate cones, strobili, pine Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) pollen, w.m. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, pollen, microgametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus contorta (Pinaceae: beach pine) receptive ovulate cone (right), mature microsporangiate cone (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, ovulate cone, female cone, microsporangiate cone, male cone, life cycle, strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus contorta (Pinaceae:beach pine) first year ovulate cone (left) and open ovulate cone after the second year (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, ovulate cone, life cycle, strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinophyta:pine) ovule with megasporocyte and pollen grains in micropyle, l.s. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, ovule, micropyle, pollen, microgametophyte, nucellus, integument, megasporocyte, life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) ovule with free nuclear megagametophyte, l.s. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, ovule, free nuclear megagametophyte, life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) archegonium with neck cells, l.s. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pinus) ovule with mature megagametophyte and pollen tubes in nucellus, l.s. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, ovule, integuments, pollen tubes, microgametophyte, archegonium, megagametophyte, nucellus, life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) early embryonic organization Keywords: gymnosperms, early embryo, life cycle, Pinophyta Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) mature embryo in seed, l.s. Keywords: seed, ovule, gymnosperms, Pinophyta, megagametophyte, embryo, integument Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus (Pinaceae:pine) diploxylon leaf, x.s. Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, leaf, resin canal, diploxylon, vein, transfusion tissue Click Here to see image Legend: Ephedra californica (Gnetophyta:Mormon tea) in the Mohave Valley, California Keywords: gymnosperms, Gnetophyta, vegetation, cold desert scrub Click Here to see image Legend: Ephedra (Gnetophyta:Mormon tea) ovulate cones Keywords: gymnosperms, Gnetophyta, ovulate cones, pollination tube, megagametophyte, ovules, strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Ephedra (Gnetophyta:Mormon tea) microsporangiate cones Keywords: gymnosperms, Gnetophyta, microsporangiate cones, microsporangia, sporangiophores, strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Welwitschia (Gnetophyta) young microsporangiate plant Keywords: gymnosperms, Gnetophyta, dioecious, microsporangiate cones, strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Cycas revoluta (Cycadophyta:sago palm) with megasporangiate strobilus Keywords: gymnosperms, Cycadophyta, female, megasporangiate cone, strobilus, pinnate compound leaves, cycad Click Here to see image Legend: Zamia (Cycadophyta:cycad) microsporangiate strobilus (left) and megasporangiate strobilus (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Cycadophyta, microsporangiate cones, megasporangiate cones, strobili, male, female, cycad Click Here to see image Legend: Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgophyta:maidenhair tree) habit (left) and ovule on short shoot (right) Keywords: Ginkgophyta, gymnosperms, ovule, dichotomous venation, short shoots, leaf, ginkgo Click Here to see image Legend: Picea glauca (Pinaceae:blue spruce) habit (left) and female cones (right) Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, spruce, megasporangiate strobili, female cones Click Here to see image Legend: Juniperus (Cupressaceae:juniper) habit (left) and megasporangiate cones (right) Keywords: Pinophyta, juniper, gymnosperms, megasporangiate strobili, female cones, decussate phyllotaxy Click Here to see image Legend: Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) habit in SouthAfrican temperate forest (left), ovules subtended by fleshy collars (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, podocarpus, ovules, vegetation, temperate mesic forest Click Here to see image Legend: Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae:arbor vitae) habit (left), flattened branches with megasporangiate cones (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, arbor vitae, megasporangiate strobili, ovulate cones Click Here to see image Legend: Cupressus macnabiana (Cupressaceae:cypress) habit in riparian forest (left), megasporangiate strobili (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, riparian forest, vegetation, cypress, megasporangiate strobili, female cones Click Here to see image Legend: Taxodium distichum (Taxodiaceae:bald cypress), in November in a Louisiana Cypress swamp (left), branchlets and megasporangiate cones in September (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, bald cypress, megasporangiate strobili, ovulate cones, deciduous branchlets, cypress swamp, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Sequoiadendron giganteum (Taxodiaceae:big trees) habit in Sequoia National Park, megasporangiate cone (right) Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, big trees, giant redwoods, megasporangiate cone, ovulate cone Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus lambertiana (Pinaceae:sugar pine) in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains is a white or soft pine with the longest ovulate cones of any pine Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, white pines, haploxylon, soft pines, ovulate cones, megasporangiate strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus attenuata (Pinaceae: knobcone pine) only opens its cones after a fire Keywords: gymnosperms, Pinophyta, closed-cone pine forest, vegetation, fire, megasporangiate strobili, ovulate cones Click Here to see image Legend: Abies magnifica (Pinaceae:fir) with erect ovulate cones Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, firs, ovulate cones, megasporangiate strobili Click Here to see image Legend: Larix (Pinaceae:larch) trees and ovulate cones in northeastern Washington Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, ovulate cones, megasporangiate cones, deciduous, long shoots, short shoots, fascicles Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus cembroides (Pinaceae:pinyon pine) habit in a New Mexico pinyon-juniper woodland Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, pinyon pine, pinyon-juniper woodland, vegetation Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus cembroides (Pinaceae:pinyon pine) ovulate cones Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, pinyonpine, ovulate cone, megasporangiate strobilus Click Here to see image Legend: Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae:coast redwoods) can reach heights of over 350 feet, making them the tallest trees in the world Keywords: Pinophyta, gymnosperms, redwoods, coastal redwood forest, vegetation, stump sprouting, cloning Click Here to see image Legend: Generalized Life Cycle of Flowering Plants Keywords: flowering plants life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Flower Types Keywords: flowers, flower types Click Here to see image Legend: Sectioned Caytonia Cupule Keywords: caytonia cupule Click Here to see image Legend: Positions of the Earth's Landmasses in the Early Triassic Period Keywords: triassic landmasses Click Here to see image Legend: Sunflower Inflorescence Keywords: sunflower inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: Dahlgren and Cronquist Systems of Classification Keywords: Dahlgren, Cronquist Click Here to see image Legend: Simplified Molecular Phylogeny of Flowering Plants Keywords: flowering plant, phylogeny, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Simplified Phylogeny of Seed Plants Keywords: seed plants, phylogeny, cladogram Click Here to see image Legend: Proposed Origin of Flowers Keywords: flowers, seed plants Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Typical Flowering Plant (1) Keyword: flowering plant life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Life Cycle of a Typical Flowering Plant (2) Keyword: flowering plant life cycle Click Here to see image Legend: A Mature Male Gametophyte of a Flowering Plant Keyword: male gametophyte Click Here to see image Legend: How the Embryo Sac of a Lily Develops Keyword: embryo sac Click Here to see image Legend: Primitive Flower, Magnolia (left) and Advanced Flower, Orchid (right) Keyword: flower Click Here to see image Legend: Ovaries in Cross Section Keyword: pistil ovary Click Here to see image Legend: Ovary Positions in Flowers Keyword: ovary positions Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanism 1 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanisms 2 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanisms 3 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanism 4 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanism 5 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Pollinating Mechanisms in Orchids - Mechanism 6 Keyword: pollinating Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of a Sweet Pea Flower Keyword: sweet pea flower Click Here to see image Legend: A spurge An Individual Cyathium Keyword: spurge cyathium Click Here to see image Legend: A Sectioned Petunia Flower Keyword: petunia Click Here to see image Legend: Parts of a Sunflower Keyword: sunflower Click Here to see image Legend: Grass Flowers Keyword: grass flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Lemna (Lemnaceae:duckweed), one of the smallest angiosperms, is thought to be related to monocots in the Philodendron family(Araceae) Keywords: angiosperms, monocot, duckweed, size, diversity Click Here to see image Legend: Cornus canadensis (Cornaceae) and other "flowering dogwoods" subtend an inconspicuous head of flowers with showy bracts to make a single blossom Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, showy bracts, blossom, head, inflorescence, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Saururus and other members of the Saururaceae share several characteristics with early Cretaceous angiosperm fossils Keywords: angiosperms, evolution, Cretaceous, Koonwarra, paleoherb, fossils Click Here to see image Legend: Smilacena (Liliaceae) is a monocot with leaf venation similar to that in the Koonwarra fossil, about 120 million years old Keywords: angiosperms, evolution, fossils, paleoherb, Cretaceous, monocot, leaf venation Click Here to see image Legend: Magnolia flowers fit the Besseyan idea of primitive angiosperm flowers with free, numerous, spiral parts on a convex receptacle, much like a strobilus Keywords: angiosperms, evolution, diversity, Bessey, strobilus, primitive, apocarpous, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) flowers are epigynous with a caducous perianth and showy stamens. Note the pellucid glands characteristic of this family Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, epigynous, inferior, pellucid glands, showy stamens, caducous, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Rubus (Rosaceae:raspberries, blackberries, etc.) flowers are radially symmetrical with numerous, free, spiral, hypogynous parts on a convex receptacle Keywords: angiosperms, evolution, diversity, drupelets, Bessey, radial symmetry, hypogynous, apocarpous, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Echeveria (Crassulaceae) produces separate flower parts in whorls, including five sepals, five petals, ten stamens, and five simple pistils Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, pentamerous, radial symmetry, apocarpous, choripetalous, whorled, dicot, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Tradescantia (Commelinaceae:spiderwort) produces relatively typical trimerous monocot flowers known for their "fuzzy" stamens Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, trimerous, monocot, stamens, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Nerium oleander (Apocyanceae) flowers feature a sympetalous corolla, and connivent anthers which surround an enlarged stigma Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, sympetaly, connivent stamens, radial symmetry Click Here to see image Legend: Native roses like Rosa woodsii (Rosaceae) have only five petals Keywords: angiosperms, roses, diversity, perigynous, pentamerous, radial symmetry, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: A longitudinal section through this Encelia (Asteraceae:brittle bush) head reveals separate radially symmetrical disk flowers and bilaterally symmetrical ray flowers Keywords: angiosperms, composites, diversity, ray flowers, receptacular bracts, involucral bracts, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: Centropogon (Lobeliaceae) produces bilaterally symmetrical hummingbird pollinated flowers on a flagelliform inflorescence Keywords: angiosperms, bilateral symmetry, ornithophily, diversity, hummingbird pollination, flagelliform inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: This tropical Piper (Piperaceae), related to the black pepper plant, is one of the "paleoherbs" discussed in chapter 31 Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, evolution, paleoherbs, black pepper, spike, inflorescence Click Here to see image Legend: Umbellularia (Lauraceae), one of Bessey's primitive Laurales, is used as a spice known as "California Bay Leaf" Keywords: angiosperms, evolution, diversity, spice, Bessey, primitive Click Here to see image Legend: Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) flowers sport a showy petaloid corona Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, narcissus, corona, flowers Click Here to see image Legend: The Biosphere Keywords: biosphere Click Here to see image Legend: The Field of Ecology Keywords: ecology Click Here to see image Legend: Components of an Ecosystem Keywords: ecosystem Click Here to see image Legend: Grazer and Detritus Food Chains Keywords: food chains Click Here to see image Legend: A Food Web in a Salt Marsh Keywords: food web Click Here to see image Legend: A Hypothetical Food Web Keywords: food web Click Here to see image Legend: Food Web Energy Requirements Keywords: food web, energy Click Here to see image Legend: Ecological Pyramids Keywords: ecological pyramids Click Here to see image Legend: The Nitrogen Cycle Keywords: nitrogen cycle Click Here to see image Legend: The Carbon Cycle Keywords: carbon cycle Click Here to see image Legend: The Carbon Cycle Keywords: carbon cycle Click Here to see image Legend: The Water Cycle Keywords: water cycle Click Here to see image Legend: A Food Web Keyword: food web Click Here to see image Legend: An Energy Pyramid of an Ecosystem Keyword: ecosystem energy pyramid Click Here to see image Legend: The Nitrogen Cycle Keyword: nitrogen cycle Click Here to see image Legend: The Carbon Cycle Keyword: carbon cycle Click Here to see image Legend: Major Biomes of North America Keyword: biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Sublpine meadow in Glacier National Park with Erythronium (Liliaceae:glacier lilies) and Abies lasiocarpa (Pinaceae:firs) Keywords: ecology, subalpine meadow, vegetation, gymnosperms, firs, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Bear Valley, California, in the early spring Keywords: grassland, ecology, grazing, vegetation, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: This Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae:water lily) is a hydrophyte, floating in shallow water in a pond or lake and rooted to the bottom Keywords: angiosperms, diversity, ecology, hydrophyte, water lily, succession Click Here to see image Legend: Adenostoma (Rosaceae:chamise) and other shrubs in the chaparral release allelopathic chemicals which prevent competing seedlings from germinating Keywords: ecology, allelopathy, vegetation, biomes, chaparral, scrub Click Here to see image Legend: Extrusive Serpentine rock forms pockets of soil with mineral imbalances that only certain plants can tolerate Keywords: ecology, endemism, vegetation, edaphic factors, soil, serpentine Click Here to see image Legend: This South African fynbos, physically similar to California chaparral but consisting of different species, is formed under similar environmental conditions Keywords: ecology, climate, scrub, vegetation, chaparral, fynbos, convergence, evolution, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: This mountain meadow near Loyalton, California is surrounded by coniferous forest but is maintained by saturated soil conditions Keywords: ecology, edaphic factors, soil, meadow, grasslands, conifer forest, vegetation, succession Click Here to see image Legend: Grazing by large herbivores, like these elk in Yellowstone National Park, has been a significant factor in the evolution of North America's grasslands Keywords: ecology, vegetation, grasslands, grazing, evolution, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Natural fires have been and are still significant in the maintenance and health of many ecosystems. Keywords: ecology, fire, vegetation, succession, biomes, grasslands, chaparral, closed-cone pine forest, prairie, steppe Click Here to see image Legend: Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae:dill) and many other plants produce natural insecticides which reduce feeding by herbivorous insects. Keywords: ecology, insecticides, herbivory, chemical ecology, secondary compounds Click Here to see image Legend: Pedicularis densiflora (Scrophulariaceae:Indian Warrior) is photosynthetic but also gains nutrients by parasitizing the roots of other green plants. Keywords: ecology, parasitism, root parasite, nutrition, hummingbird pollination, ornithophily Click Here to see image Legend: This non-photosynthetic Mexican Orobanche (Orobanchaceae:broom rape) is parasitizing the green Lycium (Solanaceae) plant surrounding it Keywords: ecology, parasitism, nutrition, root parasite Click Here to see image Legend: Grass lake, south of Lake Tahoe in California is largely covered by a mat of Sphagnum (Bryophyta) thick enough to walk on Keywords: ecology, hydrophytic succession, sphagnum bog, bryophytes, vegetation, peat Click Here to see image Legend: This scene illustrates the significant natural reforestation taking place in Yellowstone National Park after devastating fires earlier this decade Keywords: ecology, fire, vegetation, coniferous forest, secondary succession, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae:fireweed) is often an early pioneer in areas leveled by forest fires Keywords: ecology, fire, secondary succession, pioneer species, vegetation, coniferous forest Click Here to see image Legend: This scene in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas emphasizes the devastating effects clearcutting timber has on the natural environment Keywords: ecology, forestry, clearcutting, vegetation, mixed pine-hardwood forest, vegetation, secondary succession, lumber, conservation, environment Click Here to see image Legend: Acid rain has had significant negative impact on the health and vigor of fir trees in the Great Smokey Mountain National Park Keywords: ecology, pollution, conservation, acid rain, vegetation, fir forest, environment Click Here to see image Legend: This area in northwest Louisiana displays the aftermath of careless environmental practices by the petroleum industry Keywords: ecology, environment, conservation, pollution, petroleum industry Click Here to see image Legend: Atmospheric pollution from automobiles and industrial complexes like this northern Mexico mining facility are creating problems of global concern Keywords: ecology, conservation, environment, atmospheric pollution Click Here to see image Legend: Major Biomes of the World Keywords: biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Altitude Affects the Distribution of Biomes Keywords: biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Global Wind Patterns Keywords: wind patterns Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Tundra in North America Keywords: tundra Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Taiga in North America Keywords: taiga Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Temperature Deciduous Forests in North America Keywords: deciduous forests Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Grasslands and Savannas in North America Keywords: grasslands, savannas Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of the World's Deserts Keywords: desert Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Chaparral in North America Keywords: chaparral Click Here to see image Legend: The Sahel Keywords: Sahel Click Here to see image Legend: Rainfall Records from the Sahel Keywords: Sahel Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Mountain Forests in North America Keywords: mountain forests Click Here to see image Legend: Distribution of Tropical Rain Forests in North America Keywords: tropical rain forest Click Here to see image Legend: Levels of Plant Life in the Rain Forest Keywords: rain forest Click Here to see image Legend: Areas of Blindness Caused by Vitamin A Deficiency Keywords: vitamin A deficiency Click Here to see image Legend: The Food Pyramid Keywords: food pyramid Click Here to see image Legend: Beginnings of Agriculture Keywords: agricultural beginnings Click Here to see image Legend: Barley-Wild Versus Domesticated Keywords: Barley Click Here to see image Legend: Centers of Origins Keywords: origins Click Here to see image Legend: Annual World Crop Production Figures Keywords: crop production Click Here to see image Legend: A Grain Keywords: grain Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of Domesticated Wheat Keywords: wheat evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Zea Mays, Corn Keywords: zea mays, corn Click Here to see image Legend: Hybrid Corn Keywords: hybrid corn Click Here to see image Legend: United States Corn Crop Usage Keywords: corn usage Click Here to see image Legend: Legumes Keywords: legumes Click Here to see image Legend: The Soybean Plant (Glycine max) Keywords: soybean Click Here to see image Legend: Solanum Tuberosum, Cultivated Potato Keywords: potato Click Here to see image Legend: Ipomoea Batatas, Sweet Potato Keywords: sweet potato Click Here to see image Legend: Evolution of Modern Corn Keywords: corn evolution Click Here to see image Legend: Artificial Selection Keywords: artificial selection Click Here to see image Legend: Underground Aquifers Keywords: aquifers Click Here to see image Legend: Tillage Techniques Keywords: tillage Click Here to see image Legend: Coffea Arabica Keywords: coffea arabica Click Here to see image Legend: European Explorations Keywords: European exploration Click Here to see image Legend: Operation of the Cotton Gin Keywords: cotton gin Click Here to see image Legend: Linum Usitatissimum, the Flax Plant Keywords: flax plant, linum Click Here to see image Legend: Potential Desert Crops Keywords: desert crops Click Here to see image Legend: Mandrake Root Keywords: root Click Here to see image Legend: Rauwolfia Serpentina Keywords: Rauwolfia Click Here to see image Legend: Cannabis Sativa Keywords: cannabis Click Here to see image Legend: Hemlock Keywords: hemlock Click Here to see image Legend: White Snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) Keywords: snakeroot Click Here to see image Legend: An Antibody or Immunoglobin Molecule Keywords: antibody, immunoglobin Click Here to see image Legend: Steps in the Wine-making Process Keywords: wine-making Click Here to see image Legend: Steps in the Brewing of Beer Keywords: beer brewing Click Here to see image Legend: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Keywords: fetal alcohol syndrome Click Here to see image Legend: Biological Magnification Keywords: biological magnification Click Here to see image Legend: Carbon Dioxide Rise in the Atmosphere Keywords: carbon dioxide Click Here to see image Legend: Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases Keywords: carbon dioxide Click Here to see image Legend: Primary Succession Keywords: primary succession Click Here to see image Legend: Secondary Succession Keywords: secondary succession Click Here to see image Legend: Flagform trees in the subalpine of the Snowy Range, Medicine Bows, Wyoming Keywords: ecology, biomes, vegetation, subalpine, flagform trees Click Here to see image Legend: This peaty bog soil (histosol) in arctic tundra in northern Alaska is subtended by a yearround layer of ice called permafrost Keywords: biomes, ecology, permafrost, arctic tundra, histosol, peat, sphagnum moss, bryophytes Click Here to see image Legend: Alpine blowouts and krumholz tree formations characterize this subalpine-alpine tundra zone in Wyoming's Beartooth Mountains Keywords: biomes, alpine tundra, subalpine, blowouts, krumholz, vegetation, ecology Click Here to see image Legend: The growing season is short and winter conditions are harsh in this alpine tundra zone at Carson Pass in California's Sierra Nevada Keywords: alpine tundra, ecology, vegetation, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: This arctic tundra in Alaska includes several prostrate woody species that overwinter under a thin blanket of protective snow Keywords: arctic tundra, ecology, vegetation, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Boreal forest or taiga covers large areas of North America and Eurasia Keywords: northern coniferous forest, boreal forest, taiga, gymnosperms, vegetation, ecology, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: The taiga becomes more of a woodland than a forest in its northern regions as growing conditions become shorter and harsher Keywords: taiga, northern conifer forest, boreal forest, permafrost, woodland, vegetation, ecology, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Pinus albicaulis (Pinaceae:whitebark pine) and other conifers may assume a krumholz form at the upper margin of their distributions and overwinter under the snow Keywords: alpine tundra, subalpine, vegetation, ecology, krumholz, gymnosperms, biomes Click Here to see image Legend: Chaparral vegetation is adapted to fire, as evidenced by this Adenostoma (Rosaceae:chamise) stump sprouting only two months after a devastating fire Keywords: biomes, vegetation, chaparral, fire, stump sprouting, ecology, mediterranean scrub