Abele, L.
G., W. Kim, and B. E. Felgenhauer. 1989. Molecular evidence for
inclusion of the phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 6:685-691.
Adoutte,
A. G. et al. 2000. The new animal phylogeny: reliability and implications.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4453-4456. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/9/4453
Aguinaldo,
A. M. A. et al. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods
and other moulting animals. Nature 387:489-493.
Aleshin, V.
V. et al. 1998. Phylogeny of Nematoda and Cephalorhyncha derived
from 18S rDNA. J. Mol. Evol. 47:597-605.
Baker, A.
N., F. W. E. Rowe, and H. E. S. Clark. 1986. A new class of Echinodermata
from New Zealand. Nature 321:862-864.
Balavoine,
G. 1998. Are Platyhelminthes coelomates without a coelom? An argument
based on the evolution of Hox genes. Amer. Zool.
38:843-858.
Baldauf,
S. L., A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Seifert, and W. F. Doolittle. 2000.
A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein
data. Science 290:972-977.
Ballard,
J. W. O. et al. 1992. Evidence from 12S ribosomal RNA sequences
that onychophorans are modified arthropods. Science 258:1345-1348.
Baroin, A.
et al. 1988. Partial phylogeny of the unicellular eukaryotes based
on rapid sequencing of a portion of 28S ribosomal RNA. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3474-3478.
Berney, C.,
J. Pawlowski, and L. Zaninetti. 2000. Elongation factor 1-alpha
sequences do not support an early divergence of the Acoela. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 17:1032-1039.
Bledsoe,
A. H. and R. J. Raikow. 1990. A quantitative assessment of congruence
between molecular and non-molecular estimates of phylogeny.
J. Mol. Evol. 30:247-259.
Boore, J.
L. et al. 1995. Deducing the pattern of arthropod phylogeny from
mitochondrial DNA rearrangements. Nature 376:163-165.
Bridge, D.
et al. 1992. Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria:
Evidence from mitochondrial genome structure. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 89:8750-8753. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/89/18/8750.pdf
Bridge, D.,
C. W. Cunningham, R. DeSalle, and L. W. Buss. 1995. Class-level
relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: Molecular and morphological
evidence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:679-689.
Cameron, C.
B., J. R. Garey, and B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate
body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome
phyla. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4469-4474.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/97/9/4469.pdf
Carranza,
S., J. Baguña, and M. Riutort. 1997. Are the Platyhelminthes a
monophyletic group? An assessment using 18S rDNA sequences.
Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:485-497.
Cavalier-Smith,
T. M. et al. 1996. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the
origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Can. J. Zool.
74:2031-2045.
Christen,
R. et al. 1991. An analysis of the origin of metazoans, using
comparisons of partial sequences of the 28S RNA, reveals an early
emergence of triploblasts. EMBO J. 10:499-503.
Conway Morris,
S. et al. 1985. The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates.
New York: Oxford University Press.
De Rosa, R.
et al. 1999. Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome
evolution. Nature 399:772-776.
Eeckhaut,
I. et al. 2000. Myzostomida: A link between trochozoans and flatworms?
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 267:1383-1392.
Eernisse,
D. J., J. S. Albert, and F. E. Anderson. 1992. Annelida and Arthropoda
are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan
morphology. Syst. Biol. 41:305-330.
Erber, A.,
D. Riemer, M. Bovenschulte, and K. Weber. 1998. Molecular phylogeny
of metazoan intermediate filament proteins. J. Mol. Evol.
47:751-762.
Field, K.
G. et al. 1988. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science
239:748-753.
Fitch, W.
M. and W. R. Atchley. 1987. Divergence in inbred strains of mice:
A comparison of three different types of data. In: C. Patterson
(Ed.). Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise?
New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-216.
Fitch, W.
M. and E. Margoliash. 1967. Construction of phylogenetic trees.
A method based on mutation distances as estimated from cytochrome
c sequences is of general applicability. Science 155:279-284.
Gans, C.
and R. G. Northcutt. 1983. Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates:
A new head. Science 220:268-274.
García-Varela,
M. et al. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Acanthocephala based
on analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol.
50:532-540.
Garey, J.
R., T. J. Near, M. R. Nonnemacher, and S. A. Nadler. 1996. Molecular
evidence for Acanthocephala as a subtaxon of Rotifera. J. Mol.
Evol. 43:287-292.
Garey, J.
R. and A. Schmidt-Rhaesa. 1998. The essential role of "minor"
phyla in molecular studies of animal evolution. Amer. Zool.
38:907-917.
Garcia-Fernàndez,
J. and P. W. H. Holland. 1994. Archetypal organization of the
amphioxus Hox gene cluster. Nature 370:563-566.
Gee, H. 1996.
Before the Backbone: Views on the Origin of Vertebrates.
London: Chapman & Hall.
Giribet,
G. et al. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the
acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora,
Platyhelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S
rDNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 49:539-562.
Halanych,
K. M. 1991. 5S ribosomal RNA sequences inappropriate for phylogenetic
reconstruction. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8:249-253.
Halanych,
K. M. 1995. The phylogenetic position of the pterobranch hemichordates
based on 18S rDNA sequence data. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 4:72-76.
Halanych,
K. M., et al. 1995. Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates
are protostome animals. Science 267:1641-1643.
Halanych,
K. M. 1996. Testing hypotheses of chaetognath origins: Long branches
revealed by 18S ribosomal DNA. Syst. Biol. 45:223-246.
Halanych,
K. M. 1998. Considerations for reconstructing metazoan history:
Signal, resolution, and hypothesis testing. Amer. Zool.
38:929-941.
Halanych,
K. M., R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1998. Evolutionary origins
of vestimentiferan tubeworms. Cahiers de Biologie Marine
39:355-358.
Hanelt, B.
et al. 1996. The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae
(Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 13:1187-1191.
Hasegawa,
M. et al. 1993. Early branching in the evolution of eukaryotes:
Ancient divergences of Entamoeba that lack mitochondria
revealed by protein sequence data. J. Mol. Evol. 36:380-388.
Heulsenbeck,
J. P. and B. Rannala. 1997. Phylogenetic methods come of age:
Testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context. Science
276:227-232.
Hillis, D.
M. et al. 1992. Experimental phylogenetics: Generation of a known
phylogeny. Science 255:589-592.
Hillis, D.
M., J. P. Huelsenbeck, and C. W. Cunningham. 1994. Application
and accuracy of molecular phylogenies. Science 264:671-677.
Holland, P.
W. H., A. H. Hacker, and N. A. Williams. 1991. A molecular analysis
of the phylogenetic affinities of Saccoglossus cambrensis
Brambell & Cole (Hemichordata). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
B 332:185-189.
Hori, H. and
S. Osawa. 1987. Origin and evolution of organisms as deduced from
5S ribosomal RNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:445-472.
Hummon, W.
D. 1982. Gastrotricha. In: S. P. Parker (Ed.) Synopsis and
Classification of Living Organisms, Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill.
pp. 857-863.
Hyman, L.
H. 1940 - 1967. The Invertebrates, six volumes. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Janies, D.
and R. Mooi. 1998. Xyloplax is an asteroid. In: M. C. Carevali
and F. Bonasoro (eds). Echinoderm Research 1998. Rotterdam,
Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. http://research.amnh.org/~djanies/janies&mooi.pdf
Jefferies,
R. P. S. 1986. The Ancestry of the Vertebrates. London:
British Museum (Natural History).
Jenner, R.
A. and F. R. Schram. 1999. The grand game of metazoan phylogeny:
Rules and strategies. Biol. Rev. 74:121-142.
Jones, M.
L. 1985. On the Vestimentifera, new phylum: Six new species, and
other taxa, from hydrothermal vents and elsewhere. Biol. Soc.
Wash. Bull. 6:117-158.
Katayama,
T. et al. 1995. Phylogenetic position of the dicyemid Mesozoa
inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Biol. Bull. 189:81-90.
Katayama,
T., M. Nishioka, and M. Yamamoto. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships
among turbellarian orders inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Zoological
Sci. 13:747-756.
Kobayashi,
M., H. Furuya, and P. W. H. Holland. 1999. Evolution: Dicyemids
are higher animals. Nature 401:762.
Kojima, S.
1998. Paraphyletic status of Polychaeta suggested by phylogenetic
analysis based on the amino acid sequences of elongation factor-1∀.
Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 9:255-261.
Kukalová-Peck,
J. 1992. The "Uniramia" do not exist: The ground plan of the Pterygota
as revealed by Permian Diaphanopterodea from Russia (Insecta:
Paleodictyopteroidea). Can. J. Zool. 70:236-255.
Lake, J. A.
1990. Origin of the Metazoa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
87:763-766. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/2/763.pdf
Levine, N.
D. et al. 1980. A newly revised classification of the protozoa.
J. Protozool. 27:37-58.
Littlewood,
D. T. J. et al. 2001. Elongation factor 1-alpha sequences alone
do not assist in resolving the position of the Acoela within the
Metazoa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18:437-442.
Liu, F-G.
R. et al. 2001. Molecular and morphological supertress for uetherian
(placental) mammals. Science 291:1786-1789.
Madsen, O.
et al. 2001. Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades
of placental mammals. Nature 409:610-614.
Maggenti,
A. R. 1976. Taxonomic position of Nematoda among the pseudocoelomate
bilateria. In: N. A. Croll (Ed.), The Organization of Nematodes.
New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-10.
McHugh, D.
1997. Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are
derived annelids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:8006-8009.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/94/15/8006.pdf
Murphy, W.
J. et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental
mammals. Nature 409:614-618.
Nielsen, C.
1995. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Northcutt,
R. G. and C. Gans. 1983. The genesis of neural crest and epidermal
placodes: A reinterpretation of vertebrate origins. Q. Rev.
Biol. 58:1-28.
Nuttall, G.
H. F. 1904. Blood Immunity and Blood Relationship. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Pagel, M.
1999. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution.
Nature 401:877-884.
Patterson,
D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. Am. Nat. 154:S96-S124.
Pawlowski,
J. et al. 1996. Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene
sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:1128-1132.
Pechenik,
J. 2000. The Biology of the Invertebrates, 4th Ed. Dubuque
IA: WCB/McGraw-Hill.
Popadic,
A. et al. 1996. Origin of the arthropod mandible. Nature 380:395.
Rausch, H.,
N. Larsen, and R. Schmitt. 1989. Phylogenetic relationships of
the green alga Volvox carteri deduced from small-subunit
ribosomal RNA comparisons. J. Mol. Evol. 29:255-265.
Regier, J.
C. and J. W. Shultz. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the major arthropod
groups indicates polyphyly of crustaceans and a new hypothesis
for the origin of hexapods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:902-913.
Ruiz-Trillo,
I. et al. 1999. Acoel flatworms: Earliest extant bilaterian metazoans,
not members of Platyhelminthes. Science 283:1919-1923.
Siddall, M.
E. et al. 1995. The demise of a phylum of protists: Myxozoa and
other parasitic Cnidaria. J. Parasitol. 81:961-967.
Siddall,
M. E. and M. F. Whiting. 1999. Long-branch abstractions. Cladistics
15:9-24.
Smith, M.
J., A. Arndt, S. Gorski, and E. Fajber. 1993. The phylogeny of
echinoderm classes based on mitochondrial gene arrangements. J.
Mol. Evol. 36:545-554.
Smothers,
J. F. et al. 1994. Molecular evidence that myxozoan protists are
metazoans. Science 265:1719-1721.
Sogin, M.
L., H. J. Elwood, and J. H. Gunderson. 1986. Evolutionary diversity
of eukaryotic small-subunit rRNA genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 83:1383-1387.
Sogin, M.
L. et al. 1989. Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An
unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia. Science 243:75-77.
Telford, M.
J. and P. W. H. Holland. 1993. The phylogenetic affinities of
the chaetognaths: A molecular analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol.
10:660-676.
Tudge, C.
2000. The Variety of Life: A Survey and a Celebration of all
the Creatures that Have Ever Lived. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Turbeville,
J. M., J. R. Schulz, and R. A. Raff. 1994. Deuterostome phylogeny
and the sister group of the chordates: Evidence from molecules
and morphology. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11:648-655.
Van de Peer,
Y. and R. De Wachter. 1997. Evolutionary relationships among the
eukaryotic crown taxa taking into account site-to-site variation
in 18S rRNA. J. Mol. Evol. 45:619-630.
Wada, H. and
N. Satoh. 1994a. Phylogenetic relationships among extant classes
of echinoderms, as inferred from sequences of 18S rDNA, coincide
with relationships deduced from the fossil record. J. Mol.
Evol. 38:41-49.
Wada, H. and
N. Satoh. 1994b. Details of the evolutionary history from invertebrates
to vertebrates, as deduced from the sequences of 18S rDNA. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1801-1804. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/5/1801.pdf
Wainright,
P. O. et al. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa: An evolutionary
link with fungi. Science 260:340-342.
Wallace, R.
L., C. Ricci, and G. Melone. 1996. A cladistic analysis of pseudocoelomate
(aschelminth) morphology. Invert. Biol. 115:104-112.
Wheeler, W.
C., P. Cartwright, and C. Y. Hayashi. 1993. Arthropod phylogeny:
A combined approach. Cladistics 9:1-39.
Willmer, P.
1990. Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Winnepenninckx,
B., T. Backeljau, and R. De Wachter. 1995. Phylogeny of protostome
worms derived from 18S rRNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:641-649.
Winnepenninckx,
B. et al. 1995. 18S rRNA data indicate that Aschelminthes are
polyphyletic in origin and consist of at least three distinct
clades. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:1132-1137.
Winnepenninckx,
B., Y. Van de Peer, and T. Backeljau. 1998. Metazoan relationships
on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences: A few years later… Amer.
Zool. 38:888-906.
Winnepenninckx,
B. M. H., T. Backeljau, and R. M. Kristensen. 1998. Relations
of the new phylum Cycliophora. Nature 393:636-638.
Wirz, A. et
al. 1999. Novelty in phylogeny of Gastrotricha: Evidence from
18S rRNA gene. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 13:314-318.
Wolters, J.
1991. The troublesome parasites-molecular and morphological evidence
that Apicomplexa belongs to the dinoflagellate-ciliate clade.
BioSystems 25:75-83.
Yamamoto,
A. et al. 1997. Phylogenetic position of the mitochondrion-lacking
protozoan Trichomonas tenax, based on amino acid sequences
of elongation factors 1∝ and 2. J. Mol. Evol. 44:98-105.
Zardoya, R.
and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid
affinities of turtles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14226-14231.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/24/14226.pdf
Zrzavý, J.
et al. 1998. Phylogeny of the metazoa based on morphological and
18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics 14:249-285.
Home
| Preface | Table
of Contents | Section I | Section
II | Section III | Section
IV | Glossary |
| References
| Downloadable Word Document
|
