 |
Student Resources
Amphibia - Workbook Questions
Not all vertebrates
have them, but the full list includes: cervical vertebrae, trunk vertebrae
in the region of the neck and anterior to the attachment of the pectoral
girdle; thoracic vertebrae, trunk vertebrae with ribs; lumbar vertebrae,
trunk vertebrae without ribs and anterior to the attachment of the pelvic
girdle; sacral vertebrae, often fused and attach the pelvic girdle to the
vertebral column; and caudal vertebrae, tail vertebrae posterior to the
attachment of the pelvic girdle. Cervical vertebrae may be differentiated
into an atlas, first cervical vertebrae creating the joint between the
skull and spinal column allowing the head to nod; and the axis,
the second cervical vertebrae that allows further rotational movement of
the head relative to the spinal column.
In addition to
the phalanges, what are the main bones of the tetrapod limbs? (p. 122)
Starting from the
shoulder, the bones in the pectoral girdle are the humerus that connect to
two bones, the radius and ulna. Three proximal carpal bones, the radiale,
intermedium, and ulnare, are connected to several bones, the centralia,
positioned next to the distal carpels. Distal carpels are adjacent to the
metacarpals, attached to a series of phalanges. The pattern is much the
same in the hind limb. Starting from the pelvic girdle are the femur,
attached to the tibia and fibula. These two bones are attached to the
proximal tarsal bones, tibial, intermedium, and fibulare, which connect to
the several centralia. From the centralia, distal tarsals connect with
metatarsals and then to the series of phalanges.
Blood
oxygenated in the skin passes into which part of the circulatory
system? (p. 123)
In amphibians,
blood flows from the heart to the skin through branches of the
pulmocutaneous artery, which branches to the lung and skin. Once the blood
is oxygenated, it returns to the right atrium of the heart through the
cutaneous vein. Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium
of the heart.
Protozoa || Porifera ||
Cnidaria ||
Platyhelminthes || Nematoda || Annelida ||
Mollusca || Arthropoda
Echinodermata || Chordate Origins ||
Jawed Fishes || Amphibia ||
Mammalia
