Genetics Home   Vertebrates, Third Edition               by Ken Kardong

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Selected References

Chapter 1
Alexander, R. McN. 1976. Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs. Nature 261:129-30.
Appleby, R. 1979. Fossil aches and pains. New Scientist, 16 August:516-17.
Bock, W.J. 1989. Principles of biological comparison. Acta Morphol. Neerl-Scand. 27:17-32.
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Breithaup, B.H., and D. Duvall. 1986. The oldest record of serpent aggregation. Lethaia 19:181-  85.
Cuvier, G. 1805. Leçons d'anatomie comparée. 5 vols. Paris: Baudouin.
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of   favoured races in the struggle of life. London: John Murray.
Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Amer. Nat. 125:1-15.
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Gould, S.J. Not necessarily a wing. Nat. Hist. 94(10):19-25.
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Gould, S.J., and N. Eldredge. 1977. Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution   reconsidered. Paleobiology 3:115-51.
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Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
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Rensch, B. 1960. Evolution above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ruse, M. 1979. The Darwinian revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wake, D.B. 1982. Functional and evolutionary morphology. Persp. Biol. Med. 25:603-20.
Wallace, A.R. 1905. My life: A record of events and opinions. London: Sonnenschein.

Chapter 2
Alexander, R.Mc.N. 1981. The chordates. 2d ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
Alldredge, A. 1977. House morphology and mechanisms of feeding in the Oikopleuridae   (Tunicata, Appendicularia). J. Zool. (London) 181:175-88.
Andersson, E., and R. Olsson. 1989. The oral papilla of the lancelet larva (Branchiostoma   lanceolatum) (Cephalochordata). Acta Zool. 70:53-56.
Balser, E.J., and E.E. Ruppert. 1990. Structure, ultrastructure, and function of the preoral heart-  kidney in Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) including new data on the   stomochord. Acta Zool. 71:235-49.
Barrington, E.J.W. 1965. The biology of the Hemichordata and Protochordata. San Francisco:   W.H. Freeman.
Baskin, D.G., and P.A. Detmers. 1976. Electron microscopic study on the gill bars of amphioxus   (Branchiostoma californiense) with special reference to neurociliary control. Cell Tissue Res.   166:167-78.
Bone, Q., J-C. Braconnot, and K.P. Ryan. 1991. On the pharyngeal feeding filter of the salp Pegea   confoederata (Tunicata: Thaliacea). Acta Zool. 72:55-60.
Bone, Q., and K.P. Ryan. 1979. The Langerhans receptor of Oikopleura (Tunicate: Larvacea). J.   Mar. Biol. Assn. 59:69-75.
Cloney, R.A. 1969. Cytoplasmic filaments and morphogenesis: The role of the notochord in ascidian   metamorphosis. Z. Zellforsch. 100:31-53.
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Cloney, R.A., and L. Grimm. 1970. Transcellular emigration of blood cells during ascidian   metamorphosis. Z. Zellforsch. 107:157-73.
Cloney, R.A., and M.J. Cavey. 1982. Ascidian larval tunic: Extraembryonic structures influence   morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 222:547-62.
Dawydoff, C. 1948. Conception morphologique du stomocorde. In Traite de zoologie: Anatomie,   systematique, edited by P.P. Grass. Biologie 11:511-57.
Fiala-Medioni, A. 1978. A scanning electron microscope study of the branchial sac of benthic filter-  feeding invertebrates (ascidians). Acta Zool. 59:1-9.
Flood, P.R. 1978. Filter characteristics of appendicularian food catching nets. Experientia 34:173-  75.
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Fredriksson, G., and R. Olsson. 1991. The subcordal cells of Oikopleura dioica and O. albicans   (Appendicularia, Chordata). Acta Zool. 72:251-56.
Goddard, C.K. 1973. Vascular physiology of the ascidian Pyura praeputialis. J. Zool. (London)   170:271-98.
Hirakow, R., and N. Kajita. 1990. An electron microscopic study of the development of amphioxus,   Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense: Cleavage. J. Morph. 201:331-44.
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Holland, N.D., and L.Z. Holland. 1990. Fine structure of the mesothelia and extracellular materials in   the coelomic fluid of fin boxes, myocoels and sclerocoels of a lancelet, Branchiostoma floridae   (Cephalochordata-Acrania). Acta Zool. 71:225-34.
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Jollie, M. 1982. What are the "Calcichordata"? and the larger question of the origin of chordates.   Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 75:167-88.
Katz, M. 1983. Comparative anatomy of the tunicate tadpole, Ciona intestinalis. Biol. Bull. 164:1-  27.
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Lacalli, T.C., and J.E. West. 1993. A distinctive nerve cell type common to diverse deuterostome larvae: Comparative data from echinoderms, hemichordates and amphioxus. Acta Zool. 74:1-8.
Lester, S.M. 1988. Settlement and metamorphosis of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata:   Pterobranchia). Acta Zool. 69:111-20.
Madin, L.P. 1974. Field observations on the feeding behavior of salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea). Mar.   Biol. 25:143-47.
Miyamoto, D.M., and R.J. Crowther. 1985. Formation of the notochord in living ascidian embryos. J.   Embr. Exp. Morph. 86:1-17.
Moller, P.C., and C.W. Philpott. 1973. The circulatory system of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma   floridae). J. Morph. 139:389-406.
Nakao, T. 1965. The excretory organ of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) belcheri. J. Ultrastr. Res.   12:1-12.
Nishida, H. 1986. Cell division pattern during gastrulation of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. Dev.   Growth Diff. 28:191-201.
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Nishida, H., and N. Satoh. 1983. Cell lineage analysis in ascidian embryos by intracellular injection   of a tracer enzyme. I. Up to the eight-cell stage. Dev. Biol. 99:382-94.
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Pardos, F. 1988. Fine structure and function of pharynx cilia in Glossobalanus minutus Kowalewsky   (Enteropneusta). Acta Zool. 69:1-12.
Pechenik, J.A. 1991. Biology of the invertebrates. 2d ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm.C. Brown.
Rähr, H. 1979. The circulatory system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum [Pallas]). Acta   Zool. 60:1-18.
Ruppert, E.E., and P.R. Smith. 1988. The functional organization of filtration nephridia. Biol. Rev.   63:231-58.
Sahlin, K., and R. Olsson. 1986. The wheel organ and Hatschek's groove in the lancelet,   Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Cephalochordata). Acta Zool. 67:201-9.
Schaeffer, B. 1987. Deuterostome monophyly and phylogeny. Evol. Biol. 21:179-235.
Sugino, Y.M., and M. Nakauchi. 1987. Budding, life-span, regeneration, and colonial regulation in   the ascidian, Symplegma reptans. J. Exp. Zool. 244:117-24.
Torrence, S.A. 1986. Sensory ending of the ascidian static organ (Chordata, Ascidiacea).   Zoomorphology 106:61-66.
Torrence, S.A., and R.A. Cloney. 1981. Rhythmic contractions of the ampullar epidermis during   metamorphosis of the ascidian Molgula occidentalis. Cell Tissue Res. 216:293-312.
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Chapter 3
Aldridge, R.J., M.A. Purnell, S.E. Gabbott, and J.N. Theron. 1995. The apparatus architecture and   function of Promissum pulchrum Kovács-Endrödy (Conodonta, Upper Ordovician) and the   prioniodontid plan. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 347:275-91.
Alexander, R.McN. 1974. Functional design in fishes. 3d ed. London: Hutchinson and Company.
Bolt, J.R., and R.E. Lombard. 1992. Nature and quality of the fossil evidence for otic evolution in   early tetrapods. In The evolutionary biology of hearing, edited by D.B. Webster, A.N. Popper, and   R.R. Fay. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 377-403.
Carroll, R.L. 1982. Early evolution of reptiles. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13:87-109.
Chinsamy, A. 1993. Bone histology and growth trajectory of the prosauropod dinosaur   Massospondylus carinatus Owen. Modern Geol. 18:319-29.
Colbert, E.H. 1980. Evolution of the vertebrates. 3d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Feduccia, A. 1993. Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habits of Archaeopteryx.   Science 259:790-93.
Goodrich, E.S. 1958. Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates. New York: Dover   Publications.
Hall, B.K. 1982. Bone in cartilaginous fishes. Nature 298:324.
Heaton, M.J., and R.R. Reisz. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of captorhinomorph reptiles. Can. J.   Earth Sci. 23:402-18.
Janvier, P. 1981. The phylogeny of the craniata, with particular reference to the significance of   fossil "Agnathans." J. Vert. Paleont. 1:121-59.
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Janvier, P., and A. Blieck. 1979. New data on the internal anatomy of the Heterostraci (Agnatha),   with general remarks on the phylogeny of the craniata. Zool. Scripta 8:287-96.
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Kemp, T.S. 1982. Mammal-like reptile and the origin of mammals. London and New York:   Academic Press.
Milinkovitch, M.C. , G. Orti, and A. Meyer. 1993. Revised phylogeny of whales suggested by   mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Nature 361:3346-48.
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Reisz, R.R., and M. Laurin. 1991. Owenetta and the origin of turtles. Nature 349:324-26.
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Stock, D.W., and G.S. Whitt. 1992. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA sequences that lampreys   and hagfishes form a natural group. Science 257:787-89.

Chapter 4
Behari, J. 1991. Electrostimulation and bone fracture healing. Biomed. Engineering 18:235-54.
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Casinos, A., C. Quintana, and C. Viladiu. 1993. Allometry and adaptation in the long bones of a   digging group of rodents (Ctenomyinae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 107:107-15.
Clark, B.D., and F.E. Fish. 1994. Scaling of the locomotory apparatus and paddling rhythm in   swimming mallard duckling (Anas platyrhynchos): Test of a resonance model. J. Exp. Zool.   270:245-54.
Cowin, S.C., R.T. Hart, J.R. Balser, and D.H. Kohn. 1985. Functional adaptation in long bones:   Establishing in vivo values for surface remodeling rate coefficients. J. Biomech. 18:665-84.
Dimery, N.J., R.McN. Alexander, and R.F. Kerr. 1986. Elastic extensions of leg tendons in the   locomotion of horses (Equus caballus). J. Zool. 210:415-25.
Gans, C. 1974. Biomechanics. An approach to vertebrate biology. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.   Reprint 1980. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lanyon, L.E. 1974. Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J. Bone Joint   Surg. 56B:160-66.
Lanyon, L.E., and C.T. Rubin. 1985. Functional adaptation in skeletal structures. In Functional   vertebrate morphology, edited by M. Hildebrand, D.M. Bramble, K.F. Liem, and D.B. Wake.   Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 1-25.
McMahon, T.A., and J.T. Bonner. 1983. On size and life. New York: Scientific American Library.
Peter, R.H. 1983. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge: Cambridge University   Press.
Ruben, C.T., and L.E. Lanyon. 1987. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: Function as a   determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J. Orthop. Res. 5:300-310.
Sadegh, A.M., G.M. Luo, and S.C. Cowin. 1993. Bone ingrowth: An application of the boundary   element method to bone remodeling at the implant interface. J. Biomech. 26:167-82.
Vogel, S., C.P. Ellington, Jr., and D.C. Kilgore, Jr. 1973. Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of   the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. J. Comp. Physiol. 85:1-14.
Wainwright, S.A., W.D. Biggs, J.D. Currey, and J. Gosline. 1982. Mechanical design in organisms.   Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Woo, S. L-Y., S.C. Kuei, D. Amiel, M.A. Gomex, W.C. Hayes, F.C. White, and W.H. Akeson. 1981.   The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: A study of Wolff's law. J.   Bone Joint Surg. 63A:780-87.

Chapter 5
Balinsky, B.I. 1981. An introduction to embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Blackburn, D.G. 1982. Evolutionary origins of viviparity in the Reptilia. I. Sauria. Amph.-Rept. 3:185-  205.
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Blackburn, D.G., L.J. Vitt, and C.A. Beuchat. 1984. Eutherian-like reproductive specializations in a   viviparous reptile. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4860-63.
Bloom, W., and D. Fawcett. 1975. Textbook of histology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Caplan, A.I. 1984. Cartilage. Sci. Amer. 252(10):84-94.
Ekanayake, S., and B.K. Hall. 1987. The development of acellularity of the vertebral bone of the   Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes (Teleostei: Cyprinidontidae). J. Morph. 193:253-61.
Gould, S.J. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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Griffiths, M. 1978. The biology of monotremes. New York: Academic Press.
Hall, B.K. 1984. Developmental processes underlying heterochrony as an evolutionary mechanism.   Can. J. Zool. 62:1-7.
Hall, B.K., and J. Hanken. 1985. Repair of fractured lower jaws in the spotted salamander: Do   amphibians form secondary cartilage? J. Exp. Zool. 233:359-68.
Hirakow, R., and N. Kajita. 1990. An electron microscope study of the development of Amphioxus,   Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense: Cleavage. J. Morph. 203:331-44.
Krause, W.J., and J.H. Cutts. 1983. Ultrastructural observation on the shell membrane of the North   American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Anat. Rec. 207:335-38.
Lanyon, L.E. 1974. Experimental support for the trajectorial theory of bone structure. J. Bone Joint   Surg. 56B:160-66.
Lanyon, L.E., and C.T. Rubin. 1985. Functional adaptation in skeletal structures. In Functional   vertebrate morphology, edited by M. Hildebrand, D.M. Bramble, K.F. Liem, and D.B. Wake.   Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 1-25.
Lillegraven, J.A. 1985. Use of the term "trophoblast" for tissues in therian mammals. J. Morph.   183:293-99.
Maderson, P.F.A. (ed). 1987. Developmental and evolutionary aspects of the neural crest. New   York: John Wiley and Sons.
Moss, M.L. 1961. Osteogenesis of acellular teleost fish bone. Amer. J. Anat. 108:99-109.
Müller, G.B., and P. Alberch. 1990. Ontogeny of the limb skeleton in Alligator mississippiensis:   Developmental invariance and change in the evolution of archosaur limbs. J. Morph. 203:151-64.
Nichols, D.H. 1986. Mesenchyme formation from the trigeminal placodes of the mouse embryo.   Amer. J. Anat. 176:19-31.
Noden, D.M. 1983. The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective,   and muscle tissues. Dev. Biol. 96:144-65.
Patten, B.M., and B.M. Carlson. 1981. Foundations of embryology. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-  Hill.
Renfree, M.B. 1981. Marsupials: Alternative mammals. Nature 293:100-101.
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Ruben, C.T., and L.E. Lanyon. 1987. Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: Function as a   determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J. Orthop. Res. 5:300-310.
Ruben, J.A., and A.A. Bennett. 1987. The evolution of bone. Evolution 41:1187-97.
Sadegh, A.M., G.M. Luo, and S.C. Cowin. 1993. Bone ingrowth: An application of the boundary   element method to bone remodeling at the implant interface. J. Biomech. 26:167-82.
Selwood, L., and J.J. Young. 1983. Cleavage in vivo and in culture in the Dasyurid marsupial,   Antechinus stuartii (Macleay). J. Morph. 176:43-60.
Shine, R. 1985. The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: An ecological analysis. In Biology of the   Reptilia, vol. 15, edited by C. Gans and F. Billett. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 605-94.
Shubin, N.H., and P. Alberch. 1986. A morphogenetic approach to the origin and basic organization   of the tetrapod limb. Evol. Biol. 20:313-87.
Smith, S.C., A.C. Graveson, and B.K. Hall. 1994. Evidence for a developmental and evolutionary   link between placodal ectoderm and neural crest. J. Exp. Zool. 270:292-301.
Stewart, J.R. 1985. Placentation in the lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus with a comparison to the   extraembryonic membranes of the oviparous Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Sauria, Anguidae). J.   Morph. 185:101-14.
Stewart, J.R. 1992. Placental structure and nutritional provision to embryos in predominately   lecithotrophic viviparous reptiles. Amer. Zool. 32:303-12.
Stewart, J.R., and D.G. Blackburn. 1988. Reptilian placentation: Structural diversity and terminology.   Copeia 1988:839-52.
Tyndale-Biscoe, H., and M. Renfree. 1987. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge:   Cambridge University Press.
Van Haarlem, R. 1983. Early ontogeny of the annual fish genus Nothobranchius: Cleavage plane   orientation and epiboly. J. Morph. 176:31-42.
Wicht, H., and R.G. Northcutt. 1995. Ontogeny of the head of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti,   Myxinoidea): Development of the lateral line system. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 349:119-34.
Woo, S.L-Y., S.C. Kuei, D. Amiel, M.A. Gomex, W.C. Hayes, F.C. White, and W.H. Akeson. 1981.   The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: A study of Wolff's law. J.   Bone Joint Surg. 63A:780-87.
Wourms, J.P., B.D. Grove, and J. Lombardi. 1988. The maternal-embryonic relationship in   viviparous fishes. In Fish physiology, edited by W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall. San Diego: Academic   Press, pp. 1-134.

Chapter 6
Fernandez, P.J., and J.T. Bagnara. 1993. Observations on the development of unusual melanization   of leopard frog ventral skin. J. Morph. 216:9-15.
Fritzch, B., and U. Wahnschoffe. 1983. The electroreceptive ampullary organs of urodeles. Cell   Tissue Res. 229:483-503.
Gordon, J.E. 1978. Structures, or why things don't fall down. New York: DaCapo Press.
Halata, Z., and B.L. Munger. 1983. The sensory innovation of primate facial skin II. Vermillion border   and mucosa of lip. Brain Res. Rev. 5:81-107.
Harvey, M.B. 1993. Microstructure, ontogeny, and evolution of scale surfaces in xenosaurid lizards.   J. Morph. 216:161-77.
Jakobowski, M. 1980. Size and vascularization of the gill and skin respiratory surfaces in the white   amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Zoologia 24:93-104.
Lethbridge, R.C., and I.C. Potter. 1981. The skin. In The biology of lampreys, edited by M.W.   Hardsty and I.C. Potter. London: Academic Press, pp. 377-448.
McClanahan, L.L., R. Ruibal and V.H. Shoemaker. 1994. Frogs and toads in deserts. Sci. Amer.   270:82-88.
Munger, B.L., and Z. Halata. The sensory innovation of primate facial skin I. Hairy skin. Brain Res.   Rev. 5:45-80.
Reif, W.E. 1992. Evolution of dermal skeleton and dentition in vertebrates. The Odonatode   regulation theory. Evol. Biol. 15:287-368.
Sengel, P. 1986. Epidermal-dermal interaction. In Biology of the integument, vol. 2, edited by J.   Bereiter-Hahn, A.G. Matoltsy, and K.S. Richards. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 374-408.

Chapter 7
Bartsch, P. 1993. Development of the snout of the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft,   1870), with special reference to cranial nerves. Acta Zool. 74:15-29.
Bemis, W.E. 1986. Feeding systems of living Dipnoi: Anatomy and function. J. Morph. (suppl.)   1:249-75.
Bock, W.J. 1968. The avian mandible as a structural girder. J. Biomech. 1:89-96.
Cundall, D., and C. Gans. 1979. Feeding in water snakes: An electromyographic study. J. Exp.   Zool. 209:189-208.
Keynes, R., and A. Lumsden. 1990. Segmentation and the origin of regional diversity in the   vertebrate central nervous system. Neuron 4:1-9.
Lambersen, R., N. Ulrich, and J. Straley. 1995. Frontomandibular stay of Balaenopteridae: A   mechanism for momentum recapture during feeding. J. Mammal. 76(3):877-99.
Langille, R.M., and B. Hall. 1987. Development of the head skeleton of the Japanese Medaka,   Oryzias latipes (Teleostei). J. Morph. 193:135-58.
Lombard, R.E., and D.B. Wake. 1976. Tongue evolution in the lungless salamanders, family   Plethodontidae. I. Introduction, theory and a general model of dynamics. J. Morph. 148:265-86.
Panchen, A.L. 1967. The nostrils of choanate fishes and early tetrapods. Biol. Rev. 42:374-420.
Sibbing, F.A., J.W.M.Osse, and A. Terlouw. 1986. Food handling in the carp (Cyprinus carpio): Its   movement patterns, mechanisms and limitations. J. Zool. (London) 210:161-203.
Thexton, A.J., D.B. Wake, and M.H. Wake. 1977. Tongue function in the salamander, Bolitoglossa   occidentalis. Arch. Oral Biol. 22:361-66.
Wassersug, R.J., and K. Hoff. 1982. Developmental changes in the orientation of the anuran jaw   suspension. Evol. Biol. 15:223-46.

Chapter 8
Blake, R.W. 1983. Fish locomotion. London: Cambridge University Press.
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