Antivirus Software:
Is a software program that is designed to find and eliminate computer viruses.

Audit Trail:
Periodically examining the accuracy and integrity of information systems.

Auditing E-Business Systems:
An information services department should be periodically examined (audited) by internal auditing personnel. In addition, periodic audits by external auditors from professional accounting firms are a good business practice.

Backup Files:
Backup files are duplicate files of data or programs. These files may be stored off-premises, that is, in a location away from the computer center, sometimes in special storage vaults in remote locations.

Biometric Security:
Computer-based security methods that measure physical traits and characteristics such as fingerprints, voice prints, retina scans, and so on.

Business Ethics:
An area of ethical philosophy concerned with developing ethical principles and promoting ethical behavior and practices in the accomplishment of business tasks and decision making.

Computer Crime:
Criminal actions accomplished through the use of computer systems, especially with intent to defraud, destroy, or make unauthorized use of computer system resources.

Computer Matching:
Using computers to screen and match data about individual characteristics provided by a variety of computer-based information systems and databases in order to identify individuals for business, government, or other purposes.

Computer Monitoring:
Using computers to monitor the behavior and productivity of workers on the job and in the workplace.

Computer Virus:
Program code that copies its destructive program routines into the computer systems of anyone who accesses computer systems which have used the program, or anyone who uses copies of data or programs taken from such computers. This spreads the destruction of data and programs among many computer users. Technically, a virus will not run unaided, but must be inserted into another program, while a worm is a distinct program that can run unaided.

Denial of Service:
Is a process whereby hackers overwhelm a website with requests for service from captive computers.

Disaster Recovery:
Methods for ensuring that an organization recovers from natural and human-caused disasters that affect its computer-based operations.

Encryption:
To scramble data or convert it, prior to transmission, to a secret code that masks the meaning of the data to unauthorized recipients. Similar to enciphering.

Ergonomics:
The science and technology emphasizing the safety, comfort, and ease of use of human-operated machines such as computers. The goal of ergonomics is to produce systems that are user friendly, that is, safe, comfortable, and easy to use. Ergonomics is also called human factors engineering.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business:
These include (1) employment, (2) individuality, (3) health, (4) privacy, (5) societal solutions, and (6) working conditions.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business - Employment:
The impact of IT on employment is a major ethical concern and is directly related to the use of computers to achieve automation. IT has created new jobs and increased productivity, however, it has also caused a significant reduction in some types of job opportunities.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business - Health:
IT in the workplace raises a variety of health issues including health problems such as job stress, damaged arm and neck muscles, eyestrain, radiation exposure, and even death by computer-caused accidents.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business - Individuality:
Computer-based systems are criticized as being impersonal systems that dehumanize and depersonalize activities, and eliminate the human relationships present in manual systems. Humans feel a loss of individuality as some systems require a regimentation of the individual, and demand strict adherence to detailed procedures.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business - Societal Solutions:
IT can have many beneficial effects on society. It is being used to solve human and societal problems through societal applications such as medical diagnosis, computer-assisted instruction, governmental program planning, environmental quality control, and law enforcement.

Ethical and Societal Impacts of E-Business - Working Conditions:
IT has eliminated some monotonous and obnoxious tasks formerly performed by people. IT has upgraded the quality of work, but is also being criticized for relegating people to a Ado-nothing" standby role.

Ethical Foundations:
Ethical choices may result from decision-making processes or behavioral stages. These include egoism, natural law, utilitarianism, and respect for persons.

Fault Tolerant:
Computers with multiple central processors, peripherals, and system software that are able to continue operations even if there is a major hardware or software failure.

Fire Wall:
A computer that protects computer networks from intrusion by screening all network traffic and serving as a safe transfer point for access to and from other networks.

Flaming:
Flaming is the practice of sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often-vulgar E-mail messages (flame mail), or electronic bulletin board postings to other users on the Internet or online services.

Hacking:
(1) obsessive use of a computer, (2) the unauthorized access and use of computer systems.

Information System Controls:
Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy, validity, and propriety of information system activities. Information system controls monitor and maintain the quality and security of the input, processing, output, and storage activities of any information system.

Passwords:
A password is used as a security method that enables computer systems to identify eligible users and determine which types of information they are authorized to receive.

Privacy Issues:
Laws that regulate the collection, access, and use of personal data.

Responsible End User:
End user that acts with integrity and competence in the use of IT.

Security Management:
Passwords, identification codes, account codes, and other codes that limit the access and use of computer-based system resources to authorized users.

Software Piracy:
Unauthorized copying of software.

Spamming:
Spamming is the indiscriminate sending of unsolicited E-mail to many Internet users. Spamming is the favorite tactic of mass-mailers of unsolicited advertisements, or junk E-mail.

System Security Monitor:
Software that controls access and use of a computer system.

Unauthorized Use:
The unauthorized use of a computer system is called time and resource theft. A common example is unauthorized use of company-owned computer networks by employees.