 | Management Information Systems 4/e - James A. O'Brien | |||||
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Chapter 14: Managing IT: Planning and Implementing Change
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Application Portfolio
Business applications of information technology are designed as a diversified portfolio of information systems that support key business functions as well as cross-functional business processes. Change Management Managing the process of implementing major changes in information technology business processes organizational structures job assignments and work relationships so as to reduce the risks and costs of change and optimize its benefits. Computer-Aided Planning The use of software packages as tools to support the planning process. Computer Industry The computer industry is composed of organizations who supply products and services related to information technology such as hardware software services and data communications. Conversion Methods The process in which the hardware software people and data resources of an old information system must be converted to the requirements of a new information system. This usually involves a (1) parallel (2) phased (3) pilot or (4) plunge conversion process from the old to the new system. Documentation A collection of documents or information that describes a computer program information system or required data processing operations. End User Involvement End users are involved in the development of new or improved computer applications without the direct involvement of professional systems analysts. End User Resistance A "new way of doing things" generates some resistance in the people affected. New systems may result in end user resistance. The key to minimizing end user resistance is to provide proper end user education and training provide for good communications with IS professionals and get the end users involved in the systems development and implementation. Evaluation Factors: Hardware Criteria used to evaluate hardware services (Figure 14.21) Evaluation Factors: Software Criteria used to evaluate software services (Figure 14.22) Evaluation Factors: IS Services Criteria used to evaluate IS services (Figure 14.23) Implementation Process A vital step in ensuring the success of new systems that involves a variety of acquisition testing documentation installation and conversion activities. Information Systems Planning Strategic Outlines A business vision business/IT strategies and Technical architecture of the information systems functions. Information Systems Planning Tactical Prioritizes and schedules the development and implementation of major information systems projects for an organization. Information Systems Planning Operational Develops operating budgets for the information systems function. Information Technology Architecture Strategic IS planning should develop a blueprint for Information technology in a company that specifies a technology platform applications portfolio data resources and IT organization structure. Organizational Planning A process many companies go through that involves 1) team building modelling and consensus 2) evaluating accomplishments and resources acquired 3) analysing the business environment 4) evaluating the impact of future developments 5) building a shared vision and what goals to achieve and 6) deciding the actions to achieve those goals. Organizational Planning Planning Concepts An organization should create a shared business vision and mission and plan how it will achieve its strategic goals and objectives. Organizational Planning Types of Planning Types of planning include: strategic tactical operational long-range and short-range. Planning Methodologies Strategic IS planning involves an evaluation of the potential benefits and risks a company faces when using information technology for competitive advantage. Planning methodologies includes: business system planning critical success factors scenario approach and strategic opportunities. Planning Methodologies Business System Planning A comprehensive business process-driven methodology for Information systems planning. Planning Methodologies Business System Planning Planning that concentrates on determining a few key areas where a manager feels performance information is vital to the success of the organization. Planning Methodologies Planning for Competitive Advantage Planning that involves an evaluation of the potential benefits and risks a company faces when using IT for competitive advantage. Planning Methodologies Scenario Approach Planning teams simulate the role of information technology in various hypothetical business situations. Planning Methodologies Strategic Opportunities Evaluating strategic IT opportunities based on their business impact and a company's ability to use IT. System Testing Checking whether hardware and software work properly. Systems Maintenance Is the monitoring evaluating and modifying of operational information systems to make desirable or necessary improvements. |
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