McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center Test<BLURT>

McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center Test

1. Which of the following is not characteristic of a theory? A. It is a set of interrelated statements.
B. It suggests that development is directed from within.
C. It serves as a stimulus to action.
D. It is an attempt to make sense of our experiences.

2. The major function of a theory is to A. organize factual observations in a coherent way
B. describe and catalog our behavior observations
C. prove the correctness of our hypothetical formulations
D. determine whether a behavior is innate or learned

3. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that individuals pass through various ________ stages. A. ego
B. oral
C. psychosexual
D. unconscious

4. According to Freud's view, the unconscious is important because A. many instinctual impulses are eliminated early in life
B. we become aware of our instinctual but forbidden history through slips of the tongue, dreams, mental disorder, religion, art, literature, myths, etc.
C. critical impulses occur during the child's first six years, which are an instinctual period in personality formation
D. much of our behavior is motivated by unconscious drives

5. A major premise of Freudian theory is that fixation occurs when A. sex-role socialization takes place
B. a person experiences a psychosocial crisis
C. a person is frustrated or overindulged at a stage of development
D. a biochemical imbalance exists at a stage of development

6. According to Freud, the latency period corresponds to which period of life? A. infancy
B. middle childhood
C. adolescence
D. young adulthood

7. What is a criticism of psychoanalytic theory? A. It is too easy to evaluate by accepted scientific standards.
B. The theory was based on inferences from Freud's adult patients.
C. Freud worked with patients having healthy personalities rather than those with emotional difficulties.
D. Freud's inability to define key concepts such as ego, id, and superego.

8. In contrast to Freud's concern with psychosexual development, Erik Erikson emphasized A. psychosocial development
B. cognitive development
C. sexual fixations
D. critical periods

9. Erikson concluded that the personality continues to develop over the life span A. in five distinct epigenetic stages
B. in eight stages while accomplishing meeting developmental tasks and resolving crises
C. as a consequence of learning continually in one's environment
D. by actively controlling one's destiny and using free will

10. Erikson indicates that ________ typically confront a crisis associated with identity vs. identity confusion. A. infants
B. children
C. adolescents
D. adults

11. In Erikson's theory, a developing person is likely to have feelings of shame and doubt rather than autonomy when he or she A. develops an ego identity
B. feels hopeless about impending death
C. fails to receive recognition for school achievements
D. has parents who are overprotective when learning to crawl, climb, walk, and explore

12. Behavioral theorists look at the interaction between A. classical and operant conditioning
B. stimulus and response
C. John Watson and B. F. Skinner
D. conflicts and resolutions

13. Operant conditioning A. derives from preexisting reflexes
B. controls behavior by changing the effect that follows
C. requires introspection
D. eliminates reflexes

14. Reinforcement occurs when A. two stimuli are paired together
B. a stimulus is followed by a response
C. one event strengthens the probability that another event will occur
D. a response is initiated by a releasing stimulus

15. Behavior modification uses ________ to change behaviors A. phobias
B. motivation
C. diminished reflexes
D. rewards and punishments

16. According to Maslow, self-actualized people tend to be A. older
B. motivated by their own personal needs
C. accepting of themselves, others, and the world for what they are
D. all of the above

17. Which of these attributes is not necessarily representative of the self-actualized personality? A. little need for privacy
B. problem-centered
C. autonomous and independent
D. spontaneous in thought and behavior

18. Those internal factors that are part of the process of thinking and reasoning (such phenomena as sensation, perception, imagery, retention, recall, etc.) are central to which theory of development? A. cognitive
B. behavioral
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

19. According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of assimilation, she A. is rewarded for responding accurately in a learning task
B. processes new situations as if they were similar to previously experienced ones
C. changes her old behavior when it no longer allows her to solve problems
D. performs a new behavior without having had a previous opportunity to make the response

20. According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of accommodation, she is A. rewarded for responding accurately in a learning task
B. conceptualizing new situations as if they were similar to previously experienced ones
C. changing her previous conceptions when they no longer allow her to solve problems
D. fitting old experiences into new ones

21. The process of accommodation and assimilation leads to A. fixation
B. equilibrium
C. object permanence
D. egocentrism

22. Children who solely rely on reflexes to interact with their environment are in Piaget's ________ stage. A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operations
D. formal operations

23. Cognitive learning refers to A. passive learning
B. learning solely by direct experience
C. intentional learning
D. learning by observation and modeling

24. According to natural selection, A. imprinting occurs during a relatively short period of time
B. human babies are biologically preadapted with behaviors
C. organisms that are best adapted to their environment stand a better chance of surviving and reproducing
D. the social behavior of human beings can be explained by referring to our common genetic heritage

25. The study of the behavior patterns of organisms from a biological point is A. psychology
B. biology
C. ethology
D. philosophy

26. The difference between Lewin's Field Theory and Bronfrenbrenner's Ecological Theory is the concept of A. personal habits
B. environment
C. locus of control
D. development over time

27. The socio-cultural theory emphasizes the link between the individual's development and A. historical context
B. social interaction
C. cultural values
D. all of the above

28. In contrast to mechanistic models, organismic models of human development portray human beings as A. intrinsically active
B. intrinsically passive
C. developing in a continuous process
D. mostly influenced by environmental factors

29. Children's genetic predispositions are coupled with their environment in three ways. Which is not a relationship as put forth by Scarr and McCartney? A. evocative
B. destructive
C. passive
D. active

30. Studies on shyness (timidity) and the Minnesota Twin Project suggest that A. psychoanalytic theory is supported
B. behavioral traits can be traced to a single gene
C. hereditary aspects of behavior are supported
D. new discoveries in microbiology and genetics show that parenting has the greatest influence on a child's behavior

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