Pest Control
1. From 1970 to 1996, chemical pesticide sales world-wide (p. 251)
A. remained about the same.
B. increased by more than 10 times.
C. decreased by 50%.
D. almost quadrupled.
E. none of the above.
2. Pesticide use in the United States, as compared to Germany and Italy, is (p. 252)
A. about 5 times greater.
B. about 5 times less.
C. about the same.
D. about 2 times greater.
E. none of the above.
3. Which of categories of pesticides used in the United States is the highest? (p. 252)
A. insecticides
B. fungicides
C. avicides
D. herbicides
E. none of the above
4. An example of the class of chemical pesticides called chlorinated hydrocarbons is (p. 253)
A. methylene dibromide.
B. pyrethrum.
C. rotenone.
D. DDT.
E. all of the above.
5. An example of a commonly used organophosphate insecticide is (p. 253)
A. mirex.
B. aldrin.
C. methylene dibromide.
D. pyrethrum.
E. malathion.
6. It has been estimated that DDT and other insecticides have been responsible for preventing at least how many deaths from malaria alone, world-wide, in the last 50 years? (p. 253)
A. 50 million
B. 50,000
C. 5000
D. 500 million
E. none of the above
7. Since up to 90% of the pesticides that are applied never reach their intended target, pesticides create environmental problems like (p. 255)
A. large declines in honeybee populations and subsequent declines in pollination.
B. declines in bird populations.
C. die-offs in aquatic ecosystems.
D. A and B.
E. all of the above.
8. The phenomenon of pest resurgence refers to (p. 255)
A. the ability pests have to detoxify pesticides.
B. the ability of pests to quickly increase their population after pesticide application.
C. the ability pests have to develop new ways to fight off pesticides.
D. none of the above.
E. all of the above.
9. Interestingly, even though pesticide use in the United States has increased by 33-fold since 1944, crop losses have actually increased. This is an example of (p. 255)
A. the pest treadmill.
B. increased pest resistance to pesticides.
C. how pests have developed ways to avoid pesticides.
D. A and B.
E. B and C.
10. One interesting environmental effect of increased insecticide use is (p. 256)
A. that higher trophic level predators die out and are no longer able to provide pest control.
B. that lower trophic level organisms die out and higher trophic level predators are unaffected.
C. that an equilibrium is created between pests and predators, resulting in increased pest control, above and beyond that provided by the pesticide application.
D. none of the above.
E. all of the above.
11. An example of pesticide mobility in the environment is (p. 256)
A. the presence of atrazine in groundwater in the corn belt.
B. bioaccumulation of PCBs, banned for over 20 years in Canada and the US, in beluga whales.
C. pesticide rain.
D. none of the above.
E. all of the above.
12. Suspected long term effects of pesticide exposure include all of the following EXCEPT (p. 258)
A. Parkinson's disease.
B. cancer.
C. acute poisoning.
D. immunological problems.
E. endocrine hormone disruption.
13. Improved management programs using pesticides (p. 259)
A. can reduce pesticide use by more than 50% and not reduce crop production.
B. can only increase pesticide use, since crop production will inevitably suffer.
C. must constantly apply more pesticides to fight resistant pest strains.
D. can eliminate pesticide use and still grow the same cereal crops with no crop loss.
E. none of the above.
14. Crop rotation works to reduce pesticide use by (p. 259)
A. not allowing pesticides to work adequately.
B. not allowing pest populations to build up between plantings.
C. allowing crops to increase their resistance to pests between cycles of planting.
D. requiring increases in pest predators.
E. all of the above.
15. An example of a behavioral change that can reduce pesticide use is (p. 259)
A. crop rotation.
B. mechanical cultivation.
C. habitat diversification.
D. planting a cover crop.
E. all of the above.
16. Integrated pest management (IMP) includes (p. 262)
A. planting trap crops.
B. mechanical pest removal, such as vacuuming crops.
C. substituting rodenticides for insecticides.
D. completely eliminating pesticide use.
E. A and B.
F. C and D.
17. Indonesia, through Integrated Pest Management practices, has (p. 263)
A. increased its pesticide costs by 50%, but decreased it's crop yields.
B. decreased its pesticide costs by 75%, but increased its crop yields.
C. begun to see an increase in pesticide resistant strains of insects.
D. only slightly increased its pesticide cost, by greatly increased its crop yields.
E. none of the above.
18. Of the 600 active ingredients in the 1/2 million metric tons of pesticides used in the United States in the mid-1990s, what percentage have actually been put through a full battery of tests to determine if they cause chronic health problems? (p. 263)
A. about 10%
B. about 25%
C. about 50%
D. about 75%
E. nearly 100%
19. The Delaney Clause, added to the Food and Drug Act in 1958 and repealed in 1996, stated that (p. 264)
A. pesticides were not carcinogens and, therefore, could be added to food.
B. no pesticides could be added to foods of any kind.
C. no known carcinogens could be added to processed foods, drugs, or cosmetics.
D. B and C.
E. all of the above.
20. Under new regulation adopted in 1996 regarding pesticide residues, (p. 264)
A. carcinogens can be added to food if they do not produce a risk of cancer in excess of 1 case per million people exposed.
B. new pesticides that are to replace more dangerous existing ones can get expedited registration by the EPA.
C. special, stricter standards regarding carcinogens are applied to foods that make up a major part of children's diets.
D. states cannot apply stricter standards than the federal ones unless they can show "compelling local conditions" that require strictness.
F. all of the above.