76 Module 3 Sociocultural Forces FIGURE 3.6 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck Values Orientation Value Orientation Modern/Low Context Mixed Traditional/High Context Relationship to Nature Mastery Harmony Subjugation Beliefs in the society on People have a need and People should work with the need or responsibility responsibility to attempt to nature to maintain to control nature control nature harmony and balance People should be prepared to submit to nature Relationships among Individuals Individualistic Collateral/Group Lineal/Hierarchy Beliefs in the society The individual should be the Social structures should about the legitimate form basis of social structures give groups and of social structure individuals equal status Social structure should be based on groups placed in hierarchy Orientation for Human Activity Doing Becoming/Containing Being Beliefs in the society about Strive to accomplish goals Develop self as integrated appropriate human goals whole Live in the present moment Relationship with Time Future Present Past The extent to which past, Make decisions based on Make decisions based on present, and future future prospects the present influence people’s decisions Make decisions based on the past or traditions Evaluation of Human Nature Good Neutral Evil Beliefs about the basic People are inherently good nature of humans (Theory Y) People are inherently evil (Theory X) Source: Adapted from Michael Hills, “Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Values Orientation Theory,” http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1040&context=orpc (April 10, 2014). Framework suggested by Martha Maznevsky. change, a more harmonious orientation to nature may be growing. Think about the way humans in North America have modified the surface of the land to meet their needs, moving mountains, extending cities through landfills, and felling forests to harvest lumber and clear lands for pasture and development. A more harmonious relationship with nature may be found among American Indians and Buddhists, for example. A subjugated relationship would suggest that humans cannot change nature, that external forces such as fate and genetics determine the conditions of life. The next value describes relationships among individuals. Should relationships stress the individual, as they tend to in LC cultures, should they give equal weight to the individual and groups, or should they focus on groups organized into hierarchies, as in HC cultures? In Asian cultures, the group is the main social structure, and hierarchy is often important. Think about the Japanese proverb “The nail that sticks up gets hammered down.” Then come the values about human action. Are people meant to do things, to become, or to live in the present moment? Doing is a strong LC culture value, whereas being in the moment is valued in HC cultures. Action is a strong U.S. value, whereas in France, a relatively HC culture, consideration of the action (theory) before doing is
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