Chapter 6 Developing Fundamental PLC Wiring Diagrams and Ladder Logic Programs 98 6.1 Electromagnetic Control Relays . 99 6.2 Contactors . 100 6.3 Motor Starters . 101 6.4 Manually Operated Switches . 102 6.5 Mechanically Operated Switches . 103 6.6 Sensors . 104 Proximity Sensor . 104 Magnetic Reed Switch . 107 Light Sensors . 107 Ultrasonic Sensors . 109 Strain/Weight Sensors . 110 Temperature Sensors . 110 Flow Measurement . 111 Velocity and Position Sensors . 111 6.7 Output Control Devices . 112 6.8 Seal-In Circuits . 114 6.9 Electrical Interlocking Circuits . 115 6.10 Latching Relays . 116 6.11 Converting Relay Schematics into PLC Ladder Programs . 121 6.12 Writing a Ladder Logic Program Directly from a Narrative Description . 124 6.13 Instrumentation . 127 Review Questions . 128 Problems . 129 Chapter 7 Programming Timers 131 7.1 Mechanical Timing Relays . 132 7.2 Timer Instructions . 134 7.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction . 135 7.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction . 140 7.5 Retentive Timer . 144 7.6 Cascading Timers . 147 Review Questions . 151 Problems . 151 Chapter 8 Programming Counters 156 8.1 Counter Instructions . 157 8.2 Up-Counter . 159 One-Shot Instruction . 162 8.3 Down-Counter . 166 8.4 Cascading Counters . 170 8.5 Incremental Encoder-Counter Applications . 173 8.6 Combining Counter and Timer Functions . 174 8.7 High-Speed Counters . 177 Review Questions . 179 Problems . 179 vi Contents Chapter 9 Program Control Instructions 184 9.1 Program Control . 185 9.2 Master Control Reset Instruction . 185 9.3 Jump Instruction . 188 9.4 Subroutine Functions . 190 9.5 Immediate Input and Immediate Output Instructions . 193 9.6 Forcing External I/O Addresses . 195 9.7 Safety Circuitry . 197 9.8 Selectable Timed Interrupt . 200 9.9 Fault Routine . 201 9.10 Temporary End Instruction . 201 9.11 Suspend Instruction . 202 Review Questions . 203 Problems . 203 Chapter 10 Data Manipulation Instructions 207 10.1 Data Manipulation . 208 10.2 Data Transfer Operations . 208 10.3 Data Compare Instructions . 216 10.4 Data Manipulation Programs . 221 10.5 Numerical Data I/O Interfaces . 224 10.6 Closed-Loop Control . 226 Review Questions . 230 Problems . 231 Chapter 11 Math Instructions 234 11.1 Math Instructions . 235 11.2 Addition Instruction . 236 11.3 Subtraction Instruction . 238 11.4 Multiplication Instruction . 239 11.5 Division Instruction . 240 11.6 Other Word-Level Math Instructions . 242 11.7 File Arithmetic Operations . 245 Review Questions . 247 Problems . 248 Chapter 12 Sequencer and Shift Register Instructions 252 12.1 Mechanical Sequencers . 253 12.2 Sequencer Instructions . 255 12.3 Sequencer Programs . 259 12.4 Bit Shift Registers . 264 12.5 Word Shift Operations . 272 Review Questions . 277 Problems . 277
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