74 Chapter 1 Whole Numbers Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers and Perimeter The difference is the result of subtracting the subtrahend from the minuend. Subtract numbers with and without borrowing. There are several words and phrases that indicate subtraction, such as minus, difference, decreased by, less than, and subtract from. 2 7 9, 1 1 76 265 16 0 16 8 1 9 3 12 12 3 2 19 32 12 92 3 Perimeter 42 in. 38 in. 31 in. 42 in. 38 in. Example 6 For 19 13 6 , the minuend is 19, the subtrahend is 13, and the difference is 6. Example 7 9 1 10 14 2 0 4 8 8 1 1 6 398 227 171 Example 8 The difference of 15 and 7 translates to 15 7. Key Concepts The sum is the result of adding numbers called addends. Addition is performed with and without carrying (or regrouping). Addition Property of Zero The sum of any number and zero is that number. Commutative Property of Addition Changing the order of the addends does not affect the sum. Associative Property of Addition The manner in which the addends are grouped does not affect the sum. There are several words and phrases that indicate addition, such as sum, added to, increased by, more than, plus, and total of. The perimeter of a polygon is the distance around the outside of the figure.To find perimeter, take the sum of the lengths of all sides of the figure. Examples Example 1 For the addends are 2 and 7, and the sum is 9. Example 2 Example 3 Addition property of zero Commutative property of addition Associative property of addition Example 4 18 added to 4 translates to 4 18. Example 5 The perimeter is found by adding the lengths of all sides. 111 in. 23 41 64 31 in. Section 1.3
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