Student Study Guide

Chapter 1

1. The essential modifier used by geographers in forming their concepts is:

2. The characteristics of places today are the result of:

3. Earth areas that display significant elements of uniformity are called:

4. The process of dispersion of an idea or a thing from a center of origin to more distant points is known as:

5. An example of a formal region is:

6. The visible imprint of human activity is known as:

7. Scale tells us:

8. The cardinal compass points of north, south, east, and west form the basis of:

9. Which of the following is not one of the five fundamental themes that recur in all geographic inquiry?

10. The processes and patterns of spatial interaction employ all of the following ideas except:

11. Who was responsible for the development of the four traditions of geography?

12. People's perceptions of their environment falls under which one of the four traditions?

13. Distance decay refers to:

14. An example of the description of a place in terms of its absolute location is:

15. Strabo's primary task was to:

 

 

1. D - spatial

2. B - constantly changing past conditions

3. B - regions

4. D - spatial diffision

5. A - a tropical rain forest

6. C - the cultural landscape

7. B - the relationship between an area on a map and the actual area on the surface of the earth

8. C - absolute direction

9. A - time

10. D - landscape

11. C - William D. Pattison

12. B - culture-environment

13. A - the decrease in interaction as the distance between phenomena increases

14. D - 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue

15. C - describe the known parts of the inhabited world

 

 

Chapter 2 Questions

1. Using Figure 2.3, when it is Noon in New York City, what time of day is it in Tokyo, Japan?

2. The distance between each degree of latitude is approximately:

3. If a map is called equivalent, then it is correct for regions in terms of

4. A small-scale map depicts:

5. With respect to Geographic Information Systems, the pixel is central to which data storage format?

6. Color infrared photography is useful because it:

7. On the earth grid system, longitude constitutes:

8. Which of the following is not required to locate a point in three-dimensional space?

9. Which of the key reference points in the global grid system is agreed upon by cartographers rather than given in nature?

10. The most accurate method of representing terrain on a map is to use:

11. All of the following are map projections except:

12. The type of map which provides the most detailed information about the natural and cultural features of an area is the:

13. Which two projections are most useful for navigation?

14. The successful development of in-car navigation systems depends upon orbiting satellites called:

15. A map, whose areal units are normally not true to scale, and thus looks more like a diagram, is termed:

 

 

1. C - 2:00 AM the next day

2. C - 111 km

3. A - rea

4. C - small amount of detail and a large amount of area

5. B - raster

6. D - discerns and records images not visible to the human eye

7. C - system of angular measurement for specifying location along the east-west dimension

8. D - size

9. D - the Prime Meridian

10. B - contour lines

11. C - Geoidal

12. A - topographic map

13. B - Mercator and Gnomonic

14. D - the Global Positioning System (GPS)

15. A - cartogram

 

 

Chapter 3

1. Which of the following soil horizons is comprised of coarsely broken-up bedrock?

2. The outer, lighter portion of the earth's lithosphere is the:

3. The effect of wind erosion is least prevalent in areas with:

4. Which of the following is an erosional form caused by mountain glaciers?

5. Petroleum deposits are found in areas of which rock type:

6. Which of the following is not one of the three gradational processes?

7. Sandbars develop off of coastal shorelines as a result of

8. The wind deposited material called loess is found predominantly in:

9. Magma, lava and laccolith are landforms associated with which earth process?

10. Where plates with different types of crust push against each other, the heavier crust is forced down below the lighter crust. This process is known as:

11. The three most important processes of chemical weathering are:

12. An earthquake is:

13. Shale, sandstone and conglomerates are examples of which type of rock?

14. All of the following are associated with stream landscapes in humid areas except:

15. Anticlines and synclines are features associated with the process of

 

 

1. C - C-horizon

2. B - crust

3. D - humid climates

4. A - cirque

5. C - sedimentary'

6. C - volcanic eruption

7. A - the backwash of waves

8. B - midlatitude westerly wind belts

9. D - volcanism.

10. A - subduction.

11. C - oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation

12. D - movement occurring along a fault or at some other point of weakness

13. B - sedimentary

14. A - alluvial fans

15. B - folding

 

 

Chapter 4

1. The wind system which most strongly affects the climate of that portion of the earth's surface between the equator and 23.5 degrees North latitude is the:

2. The strongest winds are produced by:

3. On December 2 1, the sun is vertically overhead at:

4. The El Nino condition, or southern oscillation, is characterized by:

5. Climates are differentiated by variation in:

6. Which of the following statements concerning convectional precipitation is not correct?

7. Which of the following factors does not cause climatic variations in the middle latitudes?

8. The average annual range in temperature is the highest:

9. The dominant vegetation in areas of Humid Continental climate is:

10. The soil type of a region is influenced mostly by the:

11. Wind movements in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be deflected in what direction?

12. On March 21 and September 21:

13. According to the normal lapse rate, if the temperature at 1000 meters elevation is 20 degrees C, then the temperature at 3000 meters would be:

14. Which type of climate is most often found to the north of Mediterranean climates?

15. The two most fundamental factors concerning solar insolation are:

 

1. A - northeast trades

2. A - extreme pressure differences over very short distances

3. C - 23.5 degrees North

4. B - abnormally warm water off the west coast of South America every three or four years

5. D - temperature and precipitation

6. A - It occurs where cool and warm air masses meet, most commonly in the mid latitudes

7. C - vegetation

8. D - over-the northern hemisphere continents

9. A - coniferous forests

10. B - climate of the region

11. D - right

12. B - the vertical rays of the sun strike the equator

13. A - 7.2 degrees C

14. B - Marine West Coast

15. B - angle of the sun's rays and number of daylight hours

 

 

Chapter 5

1. The Greenhouse Effect is related most closely to:

2. The hydrosphere refers to:

3. Acid rain contamination in New England is blamed primarily on:

4. The end result from the eutrophication process is:

5. Depletion of the earth's ozone layer is expected to lead to all of the following consequences except:

6. Each of the following are effects associated with industrial chemical water pollution except:

7. Concentrations of such substances as DDT in plants and animals exemplifies a process known as:

8. The natural phosphorus cycle has been altered through human activity specifically because of

9. The largest single source of human-caused air pollution in the United States is:

10. One possible effect of global warming would be:

11. An example of a terrestrial effect of acid rain is:

12. The production of leachate, liquids that contaminate groundwater, results directly from:

13. Which activity accounts for the greatest percentage of water usage in the United States?

14. Depletion of the earth's ozone layer will occur well into the next century largely because:

15. The major cause of deforestation across the earth is:

1. A - increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide

2. D - the surface and subsurface waters in oceans, rivers, ice, glaciers and groundwater

3. B - midwestern coal burning power stations and industries

4. C - nutrient enrichment of water bodies from agricultural fertilizers

5. C - an increase in sea temperatures causing melting of the polar ice caps

6. B - alternation of rivers and streams to control floodwater and improve navigation

7. A - biological magnification

8. D - mining of phosphorus for fertilizer

9. A - transportation

10. C - coastal wetlands would be submerged

11. B - the killing of micro-organisms in the sea that break down organic matter as recycle nutrients

12. A - solid waste landfills

13. B - industry

14. A - CFCs in the atmosphere will continue to be active for up to 100 years

15. C - clearing land for crop production

 

 

Chapter 6

1. Which of the following statements concerning world population distribution is incorrect?

2. The highest population densities are found in:

3. A country with a population of 5,000,000 persons and 10,000 deaths would have a crude death rate of

4. Globally, life expectancy increases and alterations to birth and death rates can be attributed to:

5. Birth and death rates are described as "crude" because:

6. Population pyramids can be used to provide evidence of

7. On a worldwide basis, population grows when:

8. A country with a declining birth rate and a relatively stable death rate would be in which stage of the demographic transition?

9. Annual rates of natural increase classified as being very high (3.0 % or more) are represented throughout which continent?

10. The term "ecumene" refers to:

11. According to Malthus, unless powerful checks are placed on a population, the population will continue to grow:

12. What total fertility rate would be required just to replace the world's existing population?

13. Population projections are:

14. The single greatest health disparity between developed and developing nations is the:

15. Physiological density refers to population that is:

 

1. B - More than two-thirds of the world's population lives on fifty percent of the world land area

2. D - Western Europe

3. B - 20 per 1,000

4. C - modem medicine and improved sanitation

5. B - it relates to the changes without any regard to the age and sex composition of the population

6. C - future problems resulting from present population policies or practices

7. A - births exceed deaths

8. C - Stage 3

9. A - Africa

10. D - the permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface

11. B - geometrically

12. B - 2.1

13. D - estimates of the components of population based on current data

14. C - maternal mortality rate

15. A - exerting pressure on agricultural land

 

 

Chapter 7

1. Religions which tend to be expansionary, seeking to transmit their beliefs to new peoples and areas, are termed:

2. The interlocking nature of all aspects of a culture is known as:

3. Under which form of economic organization does each sex maintain a respected, productive, coequal role in the kinship group?

4. Which of the following is best classified as an element of the Ideological Subsystem of culture?

5. An established language used habitually by peoples with mutually incomprehensible tongues is known as:

6. Males and females are assigned different roles and rewards across different societies, and they are most strongly influenced by:

7. Recent conflicts between Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda or Serbs and Croats in Bosnia are examples of

8. The present day spatial distribution of Buddhism is best described as:

9. From the most specific to the most general, which of the following is the most accurate hierarchical representation of cultural units?

10. Of the world's major religions, the one which is no longer dominant in the region where it was f6rmed is:

11. When immigrants to a country give up many of their past cultural traits, lose their distinguishing characteristics and merge into the mainstream of the dominant culture, they are said to have:

12. The prevalence of both French and English in Canada or German, French, and Italian in Switzerland are examples of

13. In cultural development terms, pre-agricultural societies are characterized by:

14. Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?

15. The belief that the physical world shapes human activity and, therefore, culture has been labeled:

 

 

1. D - universalizing

2. B - cultural integration

3. C - hunting and gathering

4. C - literature

5. A - lingua ftanca

6. B - level of economic development

7. A - ethnic discord and separatism

8. C - Southeast Asia, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Japan

9. D - trait, complex, region, realm

10. D - Buddhism

11. D - assimilated

12. B - multilingualism

13. D - small bands based on kinship ties, little social differentiation and no specialization of function

14. A - folk song and folk story

15. B - environmental determinism

 

 

Chapter 8

1. Which of the following is not one of the three important variables which defines the spatial extent of individual activity spaces?

2. In which form of diffusion. does the concept of distance decay play a greater role?

3. The value of a place as a migration destination is known as its:

4. Territoriality refers to:

5. Because of the multiple work, child-care, and home maintenance tasks, women's trip behavior differs from that of men's by the fact that they make:

6. Which of the following factors has caused more migrations than any other type?

7. In the majority of societies the most mobile segment of the population is:

8. Which of the following statements concerning mental maps is correct?

9. The movement of Mexicans to the border states of California, Texas and New Mexico is an example of

10. Return migration occurs most often as a result of

11. Of all types of trips taken by urban residents, the most frequently occurring are:

12. Barriers to information flows lead to:

13. The spatial spread of Wal-Mart stores throughout the United States since the 1960s followed which diffusion process?

14. An example of a political barrier to migration would be:

15. The two most common responses to the uncertainty of natural hazards are to eliminate the uncertainty and:

 

 

1. A - critical distance

2. B - contagious diffusion

3. C - place utility

4. D - the emotional attachment to home ground

5. D - more but shorter trips

6. A - economics

7. D - young adults

8. B - The more familiar the place, the more sound will be the mental image of the place

9. C - channelized migration

10. A - false expectations based on distorted information about the destination

11. D - work trips

12. B - directional bias

13. D - contagious

14. B - restrictions on immigration and emigration by governments

15. A - eliminate the hazard

 

 

Chapter 9

1. Gerrymandering is:

2. A boundary is termed consequent if it is:

3. Which of the following is not considered to be a centripetal force in preserving state cohesiveness?

4. A group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory is known as:

5. Countries which are roughly circular in shape, but have one or more narrow extensions of territory are classified as:

6. An important reason for the formation of unified governments is to:

7. Predevelopment annexation by municipal governments in the US is driven by:

8. The combining of many electoral districts into just a few, resulting in the election of several candidates from each of the larger districts, is known as:

9. Which of the following is classified as a forward thrust capitial city?

10. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was stimulated by:

11. Two preconditions which are common to regional autonomist movements are:

12. Singapore's primary resource is its:

13. Boundary lines develop in three distinct temporal stages. They are, in order:

14. The geopolitical theory which stressed the strategic advantages of land over sea power is known as:

15. The 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait resulted in part from what type of boundary dispute?

 

1. B - a form of reapportionment which favors a political party

2. C - drawn to accommodate existing religious, ethnic, linguistic or economic differences between countries

3. A - United Nations membership

4. A - a nation

5. D - prorupt

6. D - reduce duplication of many services provided by local governments

7. B - preservation of the tax base and room for central city expansion

8. C - modified at-large preference voting

9. A - Brasilia

10. D - a shift from interest in commerce and national security to a preoccupation with seabed resources

11. B - nationality and territory

12. B - relative location

13. A - definition, delimitation, demarcation

14. B - rimland theory

15. C - resource

 

 

Chapter Ten

1. Secondary activities involve:

2. Within the United States, services accounted for approximately what percentage of non-farm employment in the 1990s?

3. The Green Revolution resulted in improvements in which crops?

4. Out-sourcing is:

5. According to von Thunen, crops which have both high market price and high transport costs will be grown:

6. The pattern of international commodity flows in primary commodities is from:

7. Industries which are considered "footloose":

8. The largest and most important single industrial area in Europe today:

9. No matter what type of economic system prevails in a region, no advanced economy can flourish without:

10. Quaternary economic activities involve all of the following except:

11. Intensive subsistence agriculture is found predominantly in:

12. The production of metallic minerals is primarily based upon the:

13. Raw material orientation is presumed to exist when:

14. Which of the following statements regarding the role of women in agriculture is not correct?

15. Extensive subsistence agriculture, as an economic activity, is best described by:

 

1. B - manufacturing and construction

2. D - 80

3. A - wheat, maize, and rice

4. C - producing parts or products abroad for domestic sale

5. D - nearest the market

6. B - producers in less developed countries to processors and consumers in more developed countries

7. C - are not affected by transportation costs

8. A - is centered on the Ruhr district

9. D - a well-connected transport network

10. B - natural resources

11. A - monsoon Asia

12. C - quantity or the ores, richness of the ores, and distance to the markets

13. B - there are limited alternative material sources

14. C - Women farmers share equally in the rewards from agriculture with men farmers

15. D - self-sufficiency, low product per land unit and low population densities

 

 

Chapter 11

1. Whether a material is considered to be a resource or not is a function of

2. Based on current rates of production, the world reserves of iron ore are only expected to last for how many years?

3. Which of the following is not a global concern generated by the destruction of the tropical rainforests?

4. Which of the following statements concerning renewable resources is not correct?

5. The development of synfuel technologies was stimulated by:

6. The shift from renewable resources to those derived from the fossil fuels initiated the:

7. The largest, continuous belt of commercial forests in the world is located in the:

8. Almost 90% of the world's annual fish supply comes from:

9. With respect to the relationship between gross national product and energy consumption:

10. A continuous and increasing threat to usable cropland on a global basis is:

11. Neither geothermal energy nor wind power have made substantial contributions to the world's energy needs because:

12. The amount of proved reserves changes:

13. The nearly perfect energy source is:

14. Seventy percent of the world's proved natural gas reserves are found in:

15. Which of the following is not considered a proper resource management technique?

 

1. A - cultural circumstances

2. D - 152

3. C - The increasing destruction of the ozone layer

4. B - They can never be exhausted

5. B - rising energy prices in the 1970s

6. D - Industrial Revolution

7. D - upper-middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

8. C - the continental shelf

9. C - they both increase directly with each other

10. B - urbanization

11. B - they have only a localized potential

12. D - with changes in extraction technology and economic conditions

13. B - natural gas

14. C - Middle East and Russia

15. B - increasing the supply of fossil fuels through the use of synfuels

 

 

Chapter 12

1. The classification of cities into categories based on functional specialization is part of which theory?

2. The one indicator of social segregation in American cities that has undergone the most widespread change is:

3. Which of the following statements concerning the multiplier effect is correct?

4. Land-use arrangements in most cities worldwide are strongly influenced by:

5. In the North American city, the population density is the highest:

6. A country whose urban system approximates rank-size ordering is:

7. The economic stability of central cities has been severely damaged by:

8. Today, cities which are compact and designed for pedestrians are found in which region of the world?

9. Which of the statements concerning Christaller's Central Place Theory is incorrect?

10. Which of the following is not a common feature of cities in the developing world?

11. The process of gentrification. has resulted in:

12. The total economic structure of the city equals:

13. Which of the following typically has the largest areal extent?

14. Social areas within a city are defined by:

15. The land use type which usually occupies the most accessible sites in the city is:

 

 

1. B - Economic Base Theory

2. C - family status

3. B - It only increases; it does not decrease

4. D - institutional controls

5. B - just outside the center of the city

6. D - United States

7. A - suburbanization of the residential population

8. B - Europe

9. C - The number of larger towns and the number of smaller towns are roughly equal

10. D - a spine, which reflects the continuation of the CBD into the suburbs

11. A - the movement of middle class people to deteriorated portions of the inner city

12. D - the sum of its basic and nonbasic activities

13. D - Metropolitan Area

14. C - family status, ethnicity and social status

15. B - commercial

 

 

Chapter 13

1. A domain is defined as:

2. An example of a region which is independent of human influence and unaffected by time on the human scale is the:

3. The fact that regions are hierarchically arranged means that:

4. All of the following are major source regions for air masses except:

5. The study of spatial relationships from the standpoint of systems analysis emphasizes:

6. The three dominant biological communities (biomes) of the Everglades are:

7. With respect to regions defined by the distribution of culture groups, the "sphere" refers to:

8. The name of a region emphasizes the importance of its:

9. An example of a small region of single factor homogeneity within a much larger multifactor region is:

10. The type of region which has increasingly become a device for examining what might or should be is the:

11. With the end of British rule on the Indian subcontinent in 1947, the countries of India and Pakistan were created based upon:

12. Which of the following regional examples exhibit both horizontal and vertical extent?

13. Which of the following is not one of the distinctive forms of regions found within the Earth-Science Tradition?

14. An example of a functional region is:

15. A major consequence of the regional clustering of population in Latin America has been:

 

 

1. C - an area where a phenomenon is dominant but with less intensity and totality of development

2. B - landform region

3. D - they define only a part of reality

4. A - continental maritime

5. B - the organization, structure, and functional dynamics within an area and provides for the quantification of

- the linkages between things in space

6. A - open water, saw grass, and woody vegetation

7. C - the zone of broadest but least intensive expression of the regional character

8. C - relative location

9. B - the concentration of Gullah speakers on the sea islands of the Atlantic coast

10. D - economic region

11. D - religious differences

12. B - air masses and the Schuylkill anthracite region

13. C - multiple factor functional

14. C - a newspaper circulation area

15. A - the drawing of political boundaries across sparsely populated territory

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