Authors
Alison B. Duxbury, Seattle Central Community College
Alyn C. Duxbury, University of Washington
Keith A. Sverdrup, University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee

ISBN: 0-07-242790-6
© 2002 / Softcover / 320 pages

Plate Tectonics
3.1      The Interior of the Earth	45
3.2      The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere	47
3.3      History of a Theory	47
3.4      Evidence for a New Theory	49
3.5      Evidence for Crustal Motion	52
3.6      Plate Tectonics	57
3.7      Divergent Boundaries	59
3.8      Transform Boundaries	60
3.9      Convergent Boundaries	62
3.10    Continental Margins	64
3.11    Rates of Motion	66
3.12    Hot Spots	66
3.13    The Breakup of Pangaea	67
3.14    Research Projects	69
Summary	71
Key Terms	72
Critical Thinking	72
Suggested Readings	72
Internet References -- General	73
Item of Interest: Recovery of Black Smokers	74
Listening to Seafloor Spreading	76

The Sea Floor
4.1      The Sea Floor	78
4.2      The Continental Margin	78
4.3      The Ocean Basin Floor	81
4.4      The Ridges and Rises	83
4.5      The Trenches	83
4.6      Measuring the Depths	85
4.7      Sediments	85
Size	86
Location	87
Source and Chemistry	88
4.8      Sampling the Sediments	91
4.9      Seabed Resources	92
Mineral Resources	92
Gas Hydrates	95
Mining Laws and Treaties	95
Summary	95
Key Terms	96
Critical Thinking	96
Suggested Readings	97
Internet References	97
Item of Interest: Undersea Robots	98

Water
5.1      The Water Molecule	102
5.2      Changes of State	102
5.3      Density	103
5.4      Transmission of Heat	105
5.5      Transmission of Light	105
5.6      Transmission of Sound	107
5.7      Dissolving Ability of Water	109
5.8      Salts in Seawater	109
5.9      Determining Salinity	110
5.10    Ocean Salinities	110
5.11    The Salt Balance	113
5.12    Nutrients and Organics	114
5.13    The Gases in Saltwater	114
5.14    Carbon Dioxide as a Buffer	116
5.15    Salt and Water	116
Summary	118
Critical Thinking	119
Suggested Readings	119
Internet References	119
Item of Interest: Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate	121

The Atmosphere and the Oceans
6.1      Distribution of Solar Radiation	124
6.2      The Heat Budget	124
6.3      Earth Surface Temperatures and Heat Transfer	126
6.4      Sea Ice and Icebergs	127
6.5      The Atmosphere	130
6.6      Changes in Atmospheric Gases	132
6.7      Winds on a Non-rotating Earth	135
6.8      The Effect of Rotation	135
6.9      The Wind Bands	137
6.10    The Jet Streams	138
6.11    Seasonal Wind Changes	138
6.12    Land Effects on Winds	141
6.13    Fog	143
6.14    El Niño	143
6.15    Intense Ocean Storms	145
Summary	147
Key Terms	148
Critical Thinking	148
Suggested Readings	148
Internet References	149
Item of Interest:  Clouds	150
Planning and Executing a                                      Successful Oceanographic Expedition	153

Circulation Patterns and Ocean Currents
7.1      Density-Driven Circulation	157
7.2      Thermohaline Circulation	159
7.3      The Layered Oceans	160
The Atlantic Ocean	160
The Arctic Ocean	162
The Pacific Ocean	162
The Indian Ocean	162
7.4      Measuring Water Properties	162
7.5      Wind-Driven Water Motion	163
7.6      Current Flow and Gyres	164
7.7      Ocean Surface Currents	166
The Pacific Ocean	166
The Atlantic Ocean	167
The Arctic Ocean	168
The Indian Ocean	168
7.8      Open-Ocean Convergence and Divergence	169
7.9      Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling	170
7.10    Eddies	171
7.11    Measuring the Currents	173
7.12    Energy Sources	175
Thermal Energy	175
Harnessing the Currents	176
Summary	176
Key Terms	177
Critical Thinking	177
Suggested Readings	177
Internet References	178
Item of Interest: The Great Sneaker Spill	179

Waves and Tides
8.1      How a Wave Begins	183
8.2      Anatomy of a Wave	183
8.3      Wave Motion and Wave Speed	184
8.4      Deep-Water Waves	185
8.5      Wave Interaction	186
8.6      Wave Height	187
8.7      Wave Steepness	188
8.8      Shallow-Water Waves	189
8.9      The Surf Zone	192
8.10    Tsunamis	193
8.11    Standing Waves	194
8.12    The Tides	196
Tidal Patterns	196
Tidal Levels	197
Tidal Forces	197
Tidal Day	199
Spring Tides and Neap Tides	199
Diurnal Tides	199
8.13    Real Tides in Real Oceans	201
8.14    Predicting Tides and Tidal Currents	203
8.15    Tidal Bores	203
8.16    Energy from Waves and Tides	204
Summary	206
Key Terms	207
Critical Thinking	207
Suggested Readings	207
Internet References	208
Item of Interest: The Great Sneaker Spill	209

Coasts, Estuaries, and Environmental Issues
9.1      The Coast	212
9.2      Types of Coasts	212
9.3      Anatomy of a Beach	216
9.4      Beach Types	218
9.5      Beach Processes	220
9.6      Coastal Circulation Cells	221
9.7      Rising Sea Level	223
9.8      Estuaries	223
9.9      Areas of High Evaporation	223
9.10    Water Exchange	224
9.11    Environmental Issues	226
Beaches	226
Wetlands	227
Water Quality	228
Dead Zones	229
Toxic Sediments	230
Plastics	230
Oil Spills	230
Summary	234
Key Terms	235
Critical Thinking	235
Suggested Readings	235
Internet References	236
Item of Interest: National Marine Sanctuaries	237

Oceanic Environment and Production
10.1      Environmental Zones	212
10.2      Life and the Marine Environment	212
Buoyancy and Flotation	216
Fluid Balance	218
Bioluminescence	220
Color	221
Barriers and Boundaries	223
10.3      Primary Production	223
10.4      Light and Primary Production	223
10.5      Nutrients and Primary Production	224
10.6      Measuring Primary Production	226
10.7      Global Primary Production	226
10.8      Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels	227
10.9      Harvesting Efficiency	228
10.10    Chemosynthetic Communities	229
10.11    Extremophiles	230
Summary	234
Key Terms	235
Critical Thinking	235
Suggested Readings	235
Internet References	236
Item of Interest: Biological Invaders	237

Life in the Water
11.1      Classification of Organisms	263
11.2      The Plankton	263
11.3      Phytoplankton	263
11.4      Red Tides and Toxic Blooms	265
11.5      Zooplankton	268
11.6      Bacteria	273
11.7      Sampling the Plankton	273
11.8      The Nekton	274
11.9      Sharks and Rays	275
11.10    Bony Fish	277
11.11    Mammals	279
11.12    Reptiles	284
11.13    Marine Birds	287
11.14    Commercial Fisheries	287
World Fish Catches	287
Fisheries and Overfishing	288
Incidental Catch	289
Fish Farming	290
Summary	291
Key Terms	292
Critical Thinking	292
Suggested Readings	292
Internet References	293
Item of Interest: Whale Falls	295

Life on the Sea Floor
12.1      The Seaweeds	297
12.2      Some Marine Plants	298
12.3      The Animals	298
12.4      Animals on Rocky Shores	300
12.5      Tide Pools	302
12.6      Animals of the Sand and Mud	302
12.7      Animals of the Deep Sea Floor	307
12.8      Fouling and Boring Organisms	308
12.9      Intimate Relationships	309
12.10    Tropical Coral Reefs	309
12.11    Harvesting the Benthos	313
Animals	313
Algae	314
Biomedical Products	315
12.12    Genetic Manipulation	315
Summary	316
Key Terms	317
Critical Thinking	317
Suggested Readings	317
Internet References	318
Item of Interest: Biodiversity in the Oceans	319

Appendix A Latitude and Longitude	321
Appendix B Classification Summaries	322
Appendix C Units and Notation	324
Glossary	329
Credits	337
Index	338

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