Preface
PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS
Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design is intended as a core text in electronics for undergraduate electrical and computer engineering students. The purpose of the second edition of the book is to provide a foundation for analyzing and designing both analog and digital electronic circuits.
The majority of electronic circuits today are designed as integrated circuits (ICs), in which the entire circuit is fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material. The integrated circuit may contain over a million semiconductor devices and other elements, and may perform many complex functions. The microprocessor is an example of such a circuit. The ultimate objectives is toe understand the operation, characteristics, and limitation of these integrated circuits.
Initially, discrete transistors are analyzed and designed. The complexity of the circuits studied is then increased. Eventually, the reader should be able to analyze and design the basic elements of integrated circuits, such as digital logic gates.
This text is an introduction to the complex subject of electronic circuits. Therefore, more advanced material is not included. Specific technologies, such as gallium arsenide, which are used in special applications, are also not included, although reference may be made to a few specialized applications. Finally, the layout and fabrication of ICs are not covered, since these topics alone can warrant entire texts.
COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Computer analysis and computer aided design (CAD) are significant factors in electronics. One of the most prevalent electronic circuit simulation programs is Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE), developed at the University of California. A version of SPICE tailored for the personal computer is PSpice. A comprehensive appendix on the PSpice circuit modeling program is included in this text. Example programs are also given in Appendix B. Instructors may introduce PSpice at any point in the course.
It is my belief that the use of computer analysis must be handled with care in an introductory electronics course. The objective in this introductory course is to learn the fundamental aspects of device models, circuit configurations, and basic circuit properties. We believe going through the hand analysis and calculations enhances this learning. In this course, then, the computer analysis can be used as a check of the hand analysis results.
In several places in the text, PSpice results are included and are correlated with the hand analysis results. The PSpice capture schematics are included, as well as the computer simulation results. Specific computer simulation problems are included t the end of most chapters. However, at the instructor's discretion, PSpice can be used for any exercise or problem to verify the hand analysis.
In some chapters, particularly the chapters on frequency response and feedback, computer analysis is used more heavily. Even in these situations, however, computer analysis is only considered after the fundamental properties of the circuit have been covered.
Electronics Workbench (EWB) is a commercial software package for schematic capture and analog/digital simulation. The software, billed as "the electronics lab in a computer", is distributed by Interactive Image Technologies, and many schools already use EWB's Student Edition. EWB is an excellent aid in understanding the operation and analysis of electrical and electronic circuits. In this book, the use of EWB is encouraged but not required. On the CD-ROM that accompanies the text, there are over 100 EWB circuit files using figures, examples and problems from the text. Current users of EWB have access to all 100 files. Readers unfamiliar with EWB can use the free demonstration version to use 20 unlocked circuit files. If students wish to purchase their own copy of the Electronics Workbench, they can do so by paying a nominal fee and following the instructions on the CD-ROM.
The computer is a tool that can aid in the analysis and design of electronic circuits, but it is not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the basic concepts of circuit analysis.
DESIGN EMPHASIS
Design is the heart of engineering. Good design evolves out of considerable experience with analysis. In this text, we point out various characteristics and properties of circuits as we go through the analysis. The objective is to develop an intuition that can be applied to the design process.
Many design examples, design exercise problems, and end-of-chapter design problems are included. These problems are designated with an "RD" or with a "D". The "RD" is for redesign and generally refers to a circuit that has already been designed. The redesign problems are generally less complicated and may lead to a unique solution. Meeting an explicit set of design criteria is a first step in the design process. The "D" is for design problems that generally do not have unique solutions. A separate section in the end-of-chapter problems contains open-ended design problems.
PREREQUISISTES
This book is intended for junior undergraduates in electrical and computer engineering. The prerequisites for understanding the material include dc analysis and steady-state sinusoidal analysis of electric circuits and the transient analysis of RC circuits. Various network concepts, such as Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, are used extensively. Some background in Laplace transform techniques may also be useful. Prior knowledge of semiconductor device physics is not required.
ORGANIZATION
The book is divided into three parts. Part I, consisting of the first eight chapters, covers semiconductor devices and basic circuit applications. Chapter 1 introduces the semiconductor material and diode, which leads to the application of diodes in circuits, given in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 covers the bipolar junction transistor, with basic linear amplifier applications given in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses the field-effect transistor (FET), with strong emphasis on the metal-oxide FET (MOSFET), and Chapter 6 covers basic FET linear amplifier circuits. Although the bipolar transistor is discussed before the FET, these chapters are written to stand alone, so the FET and its circuits can be covered before the bipolar transistor. The frequency response of transistors and transistor circuits is covered in Chapter 7. Finally, Chapter 8 addresses special applications, including power amplifiers.
Although many of the circuit configurations for bipolar transistors and FETs are very similar, we feel that the emphasis on Part 1 should be on analysis and design techniques. We therefore feel that mixing the two types of transistors in the same chapter would introduce unnecessary confusion. In Part II, however, both bipolar and FET circuits are evaluated in the same chapters.
Part I in essence presents the basic components of electronics. Part II covers more advanced topics in analog electronics, and Part III considers digital electronics. Again, these two parts are written to stand alone, so the order of study of advanced analog and digital electronics can be interchanged, although it may be somewhat disconcerting to both students and instructors to jump from Chapter 6 to Chapter 16.
Chapters 9 through 15 are included in part II, which addresses more advanced analog electronics. In this part, the emphasis is placed on the operational amplifier. The ideal operational amplifier and ideal op-amp circuits are covered in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 analyzes constant-current source biasing circuits and introduces the active load, both of which are used extensively in integrated circuits (ICs). The differential amplifier, the heart of the op-amp, is discussed in chapter 11, and feedback is considered in chapter 12. Chapter 13 presents the analysis and design of various circuits that form operational amplifiers. Nonideal effects in analog ICs are addressed in Chapter 14, and applications, such as active filters and oscillators, are covered in Chapter 15.
Part III, consisting of chapters 16 and 17, covers the basics of digital electronics, including both FET and bipolar logic gates. Chapter 16 analyzes MOS digital electronic circuits. Since MOSFETs are used extensively in digital electronics, they are covered before bipolar circuits. Chapter 17 presents bipolar digital circuits, including emitter-coupled logic and classic transistor-transistor logic circuits.
Six appendices are included at the end of the text. Appendix A contains physical constants and conversion factors. Appendix B is a discussion of PSpice, including analysis types. Several examples are given in which the PSpice circuit schematic is given as well as the output response. This will allow the reader to get started with PSpice. Several available texts provide a complete discussion of SPICE and PSpice.
Manufacturer's data sheets for several devices and circuits are included in Appendix C. References are listed in Appendix E, and answers to selected end-of-chapter problems are given in Appendix F.
FEATURES OF THE SECOND EDITION
· A preview section introduces each chapter.
This preview links the chapter to previous chapters and states the chapters'
goals, which is essentially a statement of what the reader should gain from
this chapter.
· An extensive number of worked examples are used throughout the text to
reinforce the theoretical concepts being developed. These examples contain
all the details of the analysis or design, so the reader does not have to
fill in missing gaps.
· Exercise or drill problems are included throughout the chapter. These
problems are generally placed immediately after an example problem, rather
than at the end of a long section, so that the reader can immediately test
his/her understanding of the material just covered. Answers are given for
each drill problem so the reader does not have to search for an answer at
the end of the book. These problems will reinforce a reader's grasp of the
material before moving on to the next section.
· Problem-solving techniques are given throughout each chapter to assist
the reader in analyzing circuits. Although there may be more than one method
of solving a problem, these Problem-Solving Techniques are intended to help
the reader get started in the analysis of a circuit. · A Summary section
follows the text of each chapter. This section summarizes the overall results
derived in the chapter and reviews the basic concepts developed.
· A Checkpoint section follows the Summary section. This section states the goals that should have been met and states the abilities the reader should have gained. The Checkpoints will help assess progress before moving to the next chapter.
· A list of Review Questions is included at the end of each chapter. These questions serve as a self-test to help the reader determine how well the concepts developed in the chapter have been mastered.
· A large number of problems are given at the end of each chapter, organized according to the subject of each section. Approximately 300 new problems have been added to the second edition. Design-oriented problems are included as well as problems with varying degree of difficulty. Again, "RD" indicates redesign type problems, "D" indicates design type problems, and an asterisk (*) indicates more difficult problems. Separate computer simulation problems and open-ended design problems are also included.
· An Electronics Workbench CD ROM is included with the second edition of the text. On the CD-ROM, there are over 100 EWB circuit files using figures, examples and problems from the text. Current users of EWB have access to all 100 files. Readers unfamiliar with EWB can use the free demonstration version to use 20 unlocked circuit files. If students wish to purchase their own copy of the Electronics Workbench, they can do so by paying a nominal fee and following the instructions on the CD-ROM.
· Answers to selected problems are given in an appendix. Knowing the answer to a problem can aid and reinforce the problem solving.
· Manufacturer's data sheets for selected devices and circuits are given in another appendix. These data sheets should allow the reader to relate the basic concepts and circuit characteristics studied to real circuit characteristics and limitation.
SUPPLEMENTS
The book is supported by the following supplements:
· A CD-ROM containing a demo of Electronics Workbench software and circuit simulations
· An Instructor's Solutions Manual, available to instructors in paper and electronic form
· Transparency Master of important figures
· A web site containing PowerPoint slides of 200 important figures, Instructor's
Solutions Manual, links to Electronics Workbench, links to Hewlett Packard's
Educators Corner, text updates and more. The URL for the web site is http://auth.mhhe.com/neamen
