Top : New : 15-Jul-2001

: What's New

456 New Links:

Botany : Alcoholic Beverages From Plants

Grape Growing - A discussion of the history and life history of this primary ingredient in wine.

Hops–Not Just a Beer Ingredient - Information on hops.

Hops (Humulus lupulus) - Guess what it is most closely related to!

Juniper Berry - A discussion of its use in gin, and other uses.

Blue Agave and Its Importance in the Tequila Industry - Of the 136 species of agave, only 1 is used to make tequila, so give up ideas of making it from the agave in your back yard.

Botany : Angiosperms

Anthophyta - A great place to start. Links to information on everything from pistils to leaf types. A great link to information on families. A wealth of information, though a few links don’t exist (yet).

Flowering Plants - Information, photographs and links about the diversity of angiosperms.

Anthophyta - Many links to information on angiosperms.

Plant Family Recognition - Click on a family to see representative plants.

Flowering Plant Gateway - Choose taxa based on several classification schemes. The simplest way is to select a family, based on the letter of the alphabet to gain more information. This takes you to a plethora of links.

Vascular Plant Image Gallery - Lots of images from Texas A&M.

Introduction to the Anthophyta - From the UCMP.

Plant Families - Includes plants found in the Pacific Northwest.

Magnoliophyta - Links to families and individual genera. http://www.wisc.edu/botit/systematics/Phyla/Magnoliophyta/Magnoliophyta.html

Plant Families - Images and information on plants in Florida, including links specific to each species.

Monocots vs. Dicots - Much information on this dichotomy.

Botany : Architectural Pattern of Plants

Vegetative Characters - A good glossary of terms referring to plant parts. Most definitions have a visual link.

Botany : Ascomycota

Ascomycota - A good description and diagrams of the sac fungi.

Ascomycetes and Anamorphs - Extensive information and photomicrographs. Excellent site.

Sac Fungi - Photographs and text from the Natural Perspective.

Arizona’s Tree of Life page on the Ascomycota - Much information on life cycles, references, and pictures. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/fungi/ascomycota/ascomycota.html

The Sac Fungi - Links to specific subgroups.

Botany : Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Reproduction in Seed Plants - Information and photographs of modes of asexual reproduction.

Natural Vegetative Propagation - Various modes are discussed.

Botany : Bacteria of Medicinal Importance

The Microbe Zoo - This site, from Michigan State University's Communication Technology Laboratory, allows you to visit the Habitat on Humanity in the Animal Pavilion to learn about the microbes that inhabit your body.

The Center for Complex Infectious Diseases - This site has information on current research, vaccine safety, and related links.

Bugs in the News! - Information on current topics in microbiology.

Bacteria - Some interesting facts (not all are bacterial diseases). Guess what is the most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S., caused by a bacterium (this includes only the reportable diseases). Answer: Chlamydia.

Botany : Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota - A very informative site on the basidiomycetes, with diagrams of life cycles, and links to photos.

Arizona’s Tree of Life page on Basidiomycota - Much information on life cycles, references, and pictures.

The Club Fungi - Links to photographs and information on the basidiomycetes.

Fungi Photo Index - As the name suggests, it is a compendium of photos of mushrooms.

Mushroom Heaven - An informative and fun site about collecting, identifying, eating, growing, and enjoying mushrooms.

Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms - Learn which mushrooms are nutritious and which are deadly. An extensive site with much text, and beautiful illustrations and photos.

The Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) in North America - Information on a very poisonous mushroom.

Botany : Bryophytes

Bryology Home Page - From the Missouri Botanical Garden. A good starting place with lots of links.

Hepatophyta - Many good images for familiarization with this group, and review.

Liverwort - A basic outline describing this group.

Liverworts - More information and photographs.

American Bryological and Lichenological Society - Many internet resources on lichens and bryophytes.

Bryophyta - Description and diagrams of mosses. Includes interactive quiz questions. Go to the next page to learn about reproduction in mosses.

Natural Perspective: Mosses and Allies - Text and nice photographs.

General Bryophyte Information - Nice links on this group.

Introduction to the Anthocerotophyta - From the U.C. Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.

Mosses - Information and photographs.

Mosses and Liverworts - Information on the life cycles, including data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which sheds light on the evolutionary relationships of lower plants.

Botany : Carnivorous Plants

Carnivorous Plants - An excellent site with information, photographs, and links.

Carnivorous Plants - Nice images of various species. Click for larger images.

The ICPS CP WebRing - Links to more information on carnivorous plants.

Botany : Cell Structure of Plants

Cells and Tissues– The Structure of a Plant Cell - Text, diagrams and photomicrographs.

Botany : Cereal Grains and Forage Grasses

Colorado Corn - Learn about the uses of corn, from fodder to food for humans to production of ethanol as an energy source.

Welcome to Corn World - Check out “What Can You Get From a Bushel of Corn?” Did you know that one bushel of corn will sweeten more than 400 cans of soda?

CornCam from Iowa Farmer Today - OK–this sounds funny–watching the corn grow. Particularly in winter when all you see is a barren field. But it actually has some great links!

Murphy’s Laws of Corn Growing - Some fun.

Poaceae: Grass Family (Gramineae)

Important Cereal Grasses

Botany : Chlorophyta

Introduction to the Green Algae - From the Berkeley Museum, and a link to a page on red algae.

Green Algae: Chlorophyta - Clickable genus names show a photograph and information of many genera.

Division Chlorophyta - Links to photomicrographs, diagrams and text on various genera.

Botany : Chrysophyta

Diatom Home Page - This site, maintained by Indiana University has the "Ultimate Diatom Web Sites," as well as information on diatoms used in paleolimnology, and pictures and information on diatoms.

Eureka: Diatoms Biology - A very well done site on diatoms. Any question you have will probably be covered here. Double click on the tiny photo icons, and you’ll get nearly full-screen photograph. Check out the link to Diatom gems. An obscure hobby many years ago. Needless to say, these people had much too much time on their hands!

BGSU Center for Algal Microscopy and Image Digitization - Much information on both marine and freshwater diatoms from Bowling Green State University.

Botany : Cyanobacteria

Introduction to the Cyanobacteria - The "architects of the earth’s atmosphere" are described in this page, and linked pages.

Marine Cyanobacteria - Includes an introduction to cyanobacteria, pictures of various marine cyanobacteria, and links.

Cyanobacteria - Information and photomicrographs.

Botany : Diversity of Algae

National Museum of Natural History: Department of Botany: Algae - Information on preservation of macroalgae and microalgae, links, photos and more.

Kelp Forests - Nice pictures and much information about kelp forest communities.

Seaweed - Information from the National Aquarium in Baltimore.

Gateway to the Seaweeds - Links to information on the seaweed industry.

Seaweeds of the Monterey Bay (west coast, California) - Pictures of marine algae from class projects.

Sargassum - A brief description of Sargassum, as well as the Sargassumfish.

Seaweed Pictures and Descriptions - Nice photographs of a number of marine macroalgae; browns, reds, and greens, complete with descriptions.

Seaweed Site - From the University of Ireland, this searchable site allows you to find a plethora of information on "seaweeds." For example, when typing in Macrocystis, you can even get information on the use of this alga in ice cream!

Botany : Diversity of Archaea

Archaea - Many links to pages with more information on the genomes of these bacteria.

Archaebacteria - Information on the three groups of archaea.

Botany : Diversity of Eubacteria

Major Groups of Prokaryotes - Much text and photomicrographs of the major groups of bacteria.

Diversity of Life: Kingdom Monera - Lots of links to more information.

Botany : Diversity of Fungi

Introduction to the Fungi - Links to individual divisions.

Kingdom Fungi - Information and photographs.

The Amazing Fungi - Lots of photos, information, links. Very nicely done.

Fun Facts About Fungi - Despite the funky looking opening page, it’s a treasure-trove of information on fungi. From the University of Michigan Herbarium.

MykoWeb - Information on mycology; links, and even recipes.

Mycology Resources: General Resources - Links.

The Fifth Kingdom - Click on the fungal groups to see a wide variety of photos and photomicrographs. There probably isn’t a fungus that isn’t pictured in one of these chapters!

Medical Mycology - Information and some yucky pictures of fungal infections.

Plants and Superstitions - Actually an interesting article about ergotism.

Ergot - More information.

Natural Perspective: Fungus Kingdom

Botany : Diversity of Plants

Phylum Directory - Links to information and photographs of the various groups of seed plants.

Fossil Record of the Plantae - A very nice timeline.

Flora Online - Links to pages on individual groups. http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/Flora/taxon.pl?ACT=desc&FLORA_ID=12395&TAXON_ID=10488

Vascular Plant Families, UH Botany - Nice collection of thumbnail photos which can be enlarged on a wide variety of species.

Botany : Economic Uses of Leaves

Tobacco - Life history and the use of tobacco.

New World Domesticates of the Genus Chenopodium - Life history and uses of members of this genus, which include spinach (used for its leaves), and beets (the roots are eaten).

Erythroxylum: The Coca Plant - Life History and uses of coca leaves.

The Coca Plant - More information.

Nettles for Food and Medicine - Interesting uses of a plant most of us try to avoid.

Cabbage

The Origin, Distribution & Classification of Cultivated Broccoli Varieties - Members of the Brassicaceae are cultivated for their leaves, stems, and enlarged florets.

Poison Oak - Information on this plant as well as poison ivy. Good photos, so you know what to avoid.

Botany : Economic Uses of Roots

Daucus carota - Origins and New Directions - Bug’s Bunny’s favorite. Did you know that the first ones were purple?

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) - The life history of a very important root which is a staple in many tropical countries.

Root Vegetables - Photos and information.

Ginseng - A root with a long history of use, primarily in Asian cultures.

Staple Foods– Roots and Tuber Crops - From the Kew Gardens.

Botany : Economic Uses of Stems

Sugar Cane: Past and Present - How the culture of sugar cane brought us our “sweet tooth.”

Sugarcane - The sugarcane was one of the first "cash crops" of early colonial America.

Sugar Cane - Also information on pineapple and coffee.

Garlic: A Taste for Health - Information on garlic.

Garlic - More information. How could we cook without it?

Mashua - An important tuber, grown in South America.

Ginger - From the Kew Gardens.

Botany : Economic and Ecological Importance of Algae

Seaweed Site - From the University of Ireland, this searchable site allows you to find a plethora of information on "seaweeds." For example, when typing in Macrocystis, you can even get information on the use of this alga in ice cream!

There Are Algae in Your House - A lesson plan from the Smithsonian Institute pointing out the common uses of algae and their extracts.

Economic Uses of Algae - From the Department of Botany at the Smithsonian Institution. Very extensive site, includes cookbooks for algae!

Modern Uses of Cultivated Algae - Discussion of the use of macroalgae.

"Red Tides" and Harmful Algal Blooms - This site is supported by the NSF, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA, and definitely is the place to start to learn more about Harmful Algal Blooms.

National Harmful Algal Bloom Research and Monitoring - Another fact-packed site on Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like organisms.

Pfiesteria - Go right to the source for information on Pfiesteria piscicida at this site from North Carolina State University’s Aquatic Botany page. NCSU was the first laboratory to identify this microorganism.

Red Tides - Information on other species, which cause harmful algal blooms.

Botany : Economic and Ecological Importance of Angiosperms

Plant Trivia Timeline - Despite the term “trivial” in the title of this site, there is nothing trivial about the content. In the nearly 50 pages of information contained in this site, there is a plethora of information about the economic importance of plants.

Supermarket Botany 1 - A fun crossword puzzle to test your skills.

Supermarket Botany 2 - Yet another crossword puzzle.

Internet Directory for Botany: Economic Botany, Ethnobotany - A list of URLs.

Botany : Economic and Ecological Importance of Fungi

The Fifth Kingdom–Fungi as food - Photos of favorites of mycophagists. Also check out chapters 19-21.

What are Yeasts? - Information on the use of yeast.

Lichens and People - Amazing uses of lichens.

USDA–Forest Service PNW Lichens and Air Quality - How lichens are used as biological indicators.

Lichen Dyes

Botany : Economic and Ecological Importance of Lower Plants

Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association Homepage - The uses of mosses.

Peat Moss - A bit of information on peat moss.

Botany : Evolution of Plants

Introduction to the Progymnosperms

Floral Evolution - Controversies rage between what constitutes plesiomorphic and apomorphic among the angiosperms. At this site, they take the Cronquist perspective.

Fossil Plants - Links to pages with further information.

A Tree That Changed the World - The first true trees.

Plant Evolution - Algae through gymnosperms.

Links to Other Sites Related to Plant Evolution - Just like the title says!

About the Mazon Creek Fossils and Deposits - Information and images of fossil plants.

Fossil Record of the Plantae - A very nice timeline.

West Virginia Plant Fossils– Table of Contents

Botany : Ferns and Relatives

Links for Seedless Vascular Plants - An excellent list of links.

Division Lycophyta - Information on the various orders within this division (phylum).

Lycophyta - Many images of representative species.

Introduction to the Lycophyta - From the UCMP.

Lycophyta - More information and images.

Division Sphenophyta - Check out the link to morphology.

Introduction to the Sphenophyta - From the UCMP.

Sphenophyta - Great images. Lots of them!

Sphenophyta - (we know how to spell it!). Link to an image gallery.

American Fern Society - There are almost 1000 members. Where do they find this number of people interested in ferns? They have a spore exchange and “fern forays” annually.

Division Pterophyta - Links to pages with good drawings of structures, and fern genera.

Ferns - Good description and graphic of fern life cycles.

Botany : Fibers Dyes and Tannins from Plants

Rope-making - From the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.

Rope-making fibres–Manila Hemp and Sisal

Coir - A fiber from the coconut seed.

Plant Fibers - Information, photographs, and a crossword puzzle.

Basket Making Materials–Rattans and Willows

Logwood and Brazilwood - Interesting dyes from these trees.

Paper - Information on the botanical sources of paper.

Cotton - A bit of information, and a photograph of cotton. Amazing how many people haven’t a clue what the cotton plant looks like!

Cotton: The Fabric of Our Lives - More information on cotton.

Hemp - There’s more to this plant; a source of sturdy fibers.

Economical Possibilities For Cannabis - Uses of Cannabis for fibers.

Plant Fibers - An interesting source of information.

Cannabis: The Hemp Plant - Information on the life history of this plant and uses.

Flax - Own anything of linen? It comes from flax. As does linseed oil.

The Incredibly Usable Cattail - Although not used often today in the U.S., this is what was used to cane the seats of chairs. But as Euell Gibbons said: “some parts are edible.”

Wood/Plant Fiber Crossword - An informative crossword puzzle.

Native Dye Plants of the United States - Information on plants used by indigenous North American peoples for dyes.

Art and Science of Dying - Includes the history of natural dyes, a guide to natural dyes, and how-to-dye instructions.

Botany : Flowers

Flowering Plant Reproduction: Flower Structure - This is a comprehensive site describing angiosperm life cycles, evolution of this group, and the anatomy of angiosperm flowers. Many links.

Reproductive Characters - A good glossary of terms applying to flowers and fruits.

Flowers - Information and a big diagram of a flower, and cross sections of an ovule and an anther. Link to pages on the development of the male and female gametophyte.

Flower Parts - Nice photographs with labels. Links to more information.

Flower Morphology of Plants - Extensive useful information on flowers.

The Pollination Home Page - Much information and links as well regarding pollination, particularly as it is important in the fruit industry (including fruits that we call vegetables, such as squash).

Flowers - Photographs, diagrams and text with links to definitions of terms relating to flowers and ovaries.

Inflorescences - Diagrams and photographs of various inflorescence types.

Gynoecium - A glossary of all possible terms referring to female plant parts with links to diagrams.

Androecium - A glossary of all possible terms referring to male plant parts with links to diagrams.

What is Saffron? - Information about saffron, which is made of the stigmas of crocus plants.

Iris Family (Iridaceae) - Saffron; Crocus sativus.

Botany : Flowers and Fruits

Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms - Useful diagrams of pollination, fruit, and seed development.

Botany : Fruits and Seeds

Fruits - Click on each fruit type to see a photograph.

Fruit Facts - Organized by common name. Description of the fruit, its growth form, cultivation, and references.

Fruits - A key to identifying fruit types.

Fruits - A specialized glossary of terms.

Seeds and Seedlings - An in-depth glossary of terms.

Seeds of Life - This site contains great diagrams and photographs of different types of seeds, fruits, etc.

Fruits - Good diagrams of the various types of fruits.

Fruits and Seeds

Fruits and Seeds - Good links to diagrams.

Fruits - A glossary to terms referring to fruit structures.

Seed Germination - A very nice sequence describing and showing the development and ultimate germination of the seed, including seed parts.

Wind Dispersal of Seeds - Information on seeds.

Botany : General References in Botany

Botanical Society of America - Information on the American Journal of Botany and many web links.

Careers in Botany - This is from the Botanical Society of America. Many associated links.

Internet Directory for Botany - An enormous amount of resources (over 3,700 botany-related links).

Phylum Directory - A great site that links you to pages with photographs, photomicrographs, and information on vascular plants. From the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

General Botany - This consists of over 2,000 pictures organized within the context of an introductory botany course from the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature - The Tokyo Code.

Names of Wildflowers - A description of how common names are often misnomers; others are very descriptive.

Embryophytes - Arizona’s Tree of Life Page. A description of the taxonomy of this group with links to some groups. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/green_plants/embryophytes/embryophytes.html

Why Study Plants? - See why botany is a very important field of study.

Botanical Record-Breakers - Including the world's fastest reproducing plants, the world's fastest growing plants, and the most painful botanical encounters.

Index - An index to more information from a botany class.

Botany Society of America Image Collection - Over 800 images are available for instructional use.

Internet Directory for Botany - An extremely large searchable index.

GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms - A very user-friendly dictionary of botanical terms with definitions.

Plant Nomenclature - Information on naming and taxonomy of plants. Look at the information on “nyms.”

California State University Bio. Web - A comprehensive list of searchable sites of interest to botanists.

CalPhotos: Plants - Over 20,000 photos of plants. A comprehensive database on the flora of California. Produced by the U. California Berkeley Digital Library Project. Very well done!

Missouri Botanical Garden Site’s Other Sources of Information - An extensive list of other sites.

Botany Online: The History of a Science

Flowering Plants, Image Gallery - Bookmark this site: it links to pages on everything from floral structure to thorns. Great photographs. Based on the flora of Texas.

Plant Family Crossword #1 - Fun, but biologically based.

Botany : General References in Mycology

Mycology Resources - Many links to further information on fungi.

Botany : General References in Phycology

The World of Algae - Lots of links, and information on algae.

Marine Botany Class - Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University. Nice pictures of a number of marine algae.

Algae - Nice photos and some information.

Algae Image Index - Pick a group, click on a genus for a photomicrograph. Nicely done.

Botany : Gymnosperms

Phylum Directory - Links to information and photographs of the various groups of gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Links for Gymnosperms - A great list of links to check out.

Selected Families of Gymnosperms - Links to further information.

Gymnosperms - Links to pages with more specific information (at the bottom of the page).

The Cycad Pages - Information on these primitive gymnosperms from the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.

Cycads - Information and absolutely beautiful photographs.

Cycadophyta - Lots of nice images.

Cycadophyta - Links to images.

Introduction to the Cycads - Good links with more information.

The Cycad Pages - Good links.

Ginkgophyta - (we know how to spell it!). Links to images.

Ginkgophyta - (ditto on the spelling!). Links to other pages with images and information.

Introduction to the Ginkoales - From the UCMP.

Subdivision Gneticae - Photographs of gnetophytes.

Gnetophyta - Links to images.

Gnetophyta - A good number of images.

Welwitschia - Interesting information and photographs.

Coniferophyta - Information, many useful links. http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Botany_130/Div/Phyla/Coniferophyta/Coniferophyta.html

The Conifers - Photographs of various genera.

Coniferophyta - Photographs of various genera. Good link to life cycle of conifers.

Taxaceae - An introduction to the Pacific yew, which produces a chemical, taxol, used for treating several female reproductive system cancers.

PhotoGallery of Bristlecone Pines - Check out both galleries for pictures of these magnificent, ancient pines.

Morphological and Anatomical Diversity in the Ferns - Go to the next page for information on fern reproduction.

Botany : Herbaceous Stems

The Stem

Stem and Root Anatomy - Information about stems, wood, and roots.

Rhizomes - A photograph of rhizomes, horizontal underground stems. Go back to the lab page to see links to photographs of tubers, corms, etc.

Getting to the Bottom of Bulbs, Corms, Rhizomes, and Tubers - Nice photographs.

Botany : Hydrogels Elastic Latexes and Resins

The Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) - Information on the tree that gives us rubber. Interestingly, latex bearing plants are found in some 20 botanical families.

Hevea brasiliensis: The Rubber Tree - More information.

The Economic Botany of Manilkara zapota - Ever wonder where chewing gum came from?

Plant Resins and Waxes - Information and photographs.

Rubber and Chichle - Ever wonder why the gum called Chiclets got its name?

Botany : Leaves and the Movement of Water

Leaves - Photos and text, and links to much more on incised leaves, leaf bases, leaf margins, compound leaves, etc.

Structure of Leaves - Photos and text.

Features of Flowering Plants–Leaf Shapes

Botany : Legumes

The Incredible Peanut - Peanuts are unusual products of a legume.

Botany : Lichens

The Fifth Kingdom– Lichens - Terrific pictures of fungi!

The Special Biology of Lichens - Information on this unique group.

Natural Perspective: Lichens - Photos and information.

Lichen Portrait Gallery - Wow–the pictures!

Lichen Growth Forms - Photographs of 3 types of lichens; crustose, foliose, and fruticose.

Botany : Medicinal Plants

Trends In Economic Botany: The Rising Use Of Herbal Supplements - Information on some of the most common herbal supplements, and speculation as to why the sales of herbal remedies in the United States has increased dramatically.

Kohler's Medicinal Plants--List of Taxa - Images of hundreds of plants of medicinal interest and use. Classic old paintings.

Medical Alkaloids - Information and photos.

Medicinal Plant Databases - Links to many pages with information on the use of plants in medicine.

The Shaman’s Apprentice - Information on medicines used by indigenous tropical peoples.

Atropa belladona: The Deadly Nightshade - From this deadly plant, we derive belladona and atropine.

The Medicinal Properties of the Papaya, Carica papaya - How papain is used in medicine.

Cinchona and its Product--Quinine - Quinine is a treatment for malaria.

Significance of Ginkgo biloba - Information on the unique gymnosperm which may aid your memory. However, studying probably helps more.

The Neem Tree - Uses of this tropical tree for a variety of ailments; one even includes the use of neem as a insect repellant. However, medical studies have not validated most of these claims.

St. John’s Wort - An herb with purported medicinal properties.

Botany : Meristematic Tissues

Typical Plant Cell - A clickable diagram of a cell with links to further information.

Meristems - Text and diagrams.

Meristems - Very nice site with information, photomicrographs and diagrams.

Vascular Cambium Activity - Nice treatment of this sometimes confusing topic.

Stems - Great photomicrographs of meristematic tissue. Double-click on the small thumbnail photos to see them in more detail.

Botany : Non-meristematic Tissues

Atlas of Plant Anatomy - Excellent collection of photomicrographs of various tissue types. Refer to this for all tissue types in small, effective thumbnail photos.

Plant Structure - Diagrams and photomicrographs of various plant tissues.

Tissues - Great diagrams and photomicrographs of plant tissues. http://www2.cdepot.net/~walser/worldofscience/Biology/Pictorial%20Help/Botany/tissues.html

Dermal Tissues, Parenchyma, and Assimilation Tissues

Supporting Tissues–Conducting Tissues - Great photomicrographs and text on xylem, phloem, and wood.

Phloem - Click on the thumbnail sketches to see a larger view. Identification of the components of the vascular tissues. Navigate your way using the buttons to see more information on phloem, and also all other different plant tissues. Very nicely done.

Xylem - Three photomicrographs. Also a link to information on cell walls.

Botany : Origins of Agriculture

Origins of Agriculture - Much information, text only.

Evolution of Crop Plants - Lecture notes from a class at U. California- Davis.

Agriculture - Articles by Jared Diamond and John Wilford.

The Green Revolution - Links to much information.

Botany : Ornamental Plants

New York Botanical Garden - Plant information on many ornamental plants.

Links to Botanical Gardens and Arboreta

Botany : Phaeophyta

Life History and Ecology of the Phaeophyta - From the U.C. Berkeley Museum.

Kelp Forests - Nice pictures and much information about kelp forest communities.

Brown Algae: Phaeophyta - Clickable genus names show a photograph and information of many genera.

Botany : Photosynthesis

Learning About Photosynthesis - TONS of links!

The Cell, Respiration, and Photosynthesis - A good review.

Introduction to Photosynthesis - This site contains a thorough treatment of the topic and includes the evolution and discovery of photosynthesis, the light and dark reactions, and chloroplast structure, illustrated with diagrams and formulas.

Photosynthesis - Literally, an entire chapter on this subject. Includes review questions, and excellent diagrams and text.

Photosynthesis- the Light Reactions - This contains a detailed account of photosynthesis, which includes sections on the physics of light and the photosystem, the light and dark reactions (click on Next Page), and alternate pathways for photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic Molecules Page - 3-D representations of chlorophyll and other molecules involved in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis–Other Approaches - This MIT hypertextbook chapter covers C4 mechanisms as well as chemosynthesis, with both text and diagrams.

Photosynthesis - This page has links to lectures on photosynthesis and problem sets.

Calculate Rf of Chloroplast Pigments - A quick shortcut to computer Rf values when doing chromatography of photosynthetic pigments.

A Comparison of Photosynthetic Characteristics of the 3 Major Plant Groups - A nifty table summarizing the difference between C3, C4 and CAM plants.

Photorespiration and C4 Photosynthesis - Good diagrams of the chemistry of these processes.

Photosynthesis - Another good summary of the various modes of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis and the World Wide Web - Many links to further information.

Physiological Factors that Affect Photosynthetic Rates - A good, interactive site.

Photosynthesis Problem Set - From the Biology Project. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/photosynthesis_1/photosynthesis_1.html

Photosynthesis Problem Set 2 - More problems. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/photosynthesis_2/photosynthesis_2.html

Chloroplasts - A diagram and a photomicrograph of chloroplast parts.

Melvin Calvin - A biography of this Nobel Prize winner.

Botany : Plan Growth Development and Responses

Natural Vegetative Propagation - This describes the various vegetative means of plant propagation while describing the role of the hormones involved in each type.

Artificial Vegetative Propagation - Information on artificial propagation.

Propagate Plants From Cuttings Using Rooting Hormone - Most information is relative to the forestry industry.

Cloning Plants From Tissue Culture - Detailed methods, but this is a large file and may load slowly.

Thigmotropism - Information and diagrams describing the response of plants to touch.

Botany : Plant Hormones

Apical Dominance - Learn about the hormone (IAA) involved in plant growth, and see how it plays a role in bonsai, topiary, and other plant sculpture techniques.

Plant Hormones - Information about plant hormones, and links to related sites.

Plant Hormone Home page - Click on a hormone for links. An excellent site with much information here.

Plant Hormone Home Page - Information from a web page from Northern Illinois University on various plant hormones and other growth regulators.

Educational Plant Hormone Resources - Information and links regarding plant hormones.

Study Guide--Plant Hormones - A concise table summarizing the plant hormones.

Plant Growth Substances - Links to more information on the specific hormones.

Auxin - Information on the effect of auxins on various aspects of plant life. Links to similar sets of information on ABA, cytokinins, ethylene and gibberellins. All sites are very well done including the chemical structure of the hormone, and many links.

Gibberellins - Information on the effects of gibberellins.

Ripening Tomatoes With Ethylene - Information on commercial uses of ethylene.

Arrangement of Leaves and Heliotropism - Information on how plants track the sun. Good information; don’t judge the content based on the cartoons.

Leaf Motion in Marantids - Interesting information, and a cool animation.

Botany : Psychoactive Drugs and Poisons From Plants and Fungi

Opium (Papaver somniferum) - Life history and information on the opium poppy.

Opium Poppy Seed Pod - One great photograph

The Genus Datura: From Research Subject to Powerful Hallucinogen - Datura, like many in the family Solanacea has narcotic properties.

Peyote and Native American Culture - Information on this hallucinogenic cactus.

Mayapple - Information on Podophyllum peltatum, which is very poisonous.

Plant Alkaloids - Plants and fungi which are hallucinogenic.

Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess - Information on a member of the mint family that is used in rituals for its hallucinogenic properties by indigenous peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Strychnine - Information on this alkaloid, first identified from the plants of the genus Strychnos.

The Use of the Genus Virola as a Hallucinogen in South America - There are many species of Virola used in the Amazon region as a hallucinogenic snuff.

Poisonous Plants Home Page - From Cornell University.

Guide to Poisonous Plants - Links to more information.

Botany : Pyrrhophyta

Dinoflagellates - Much information and links on dinoflagellates.

Introduction to the Dinoflagellata - A page from the U.C. Berkeley Museum of Paleontology with information and figures of dinoflagellates, and links to more information.

"Red Tides" and Harmful Algal Blooms - This site is supported by the NSF, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and NOAA, and definitely is the place to start to learn more about harmful algal blooms.

Pfiesteria - Go right to the source for information on Pfiesteria piscicida at this site from North Carolina State University’s Aquatic Botany page. NCSU was the first laboratory to identify this microorganism.

Botany : Rhodophyta

Introduction to Coralline Algae - There are enough sites on this page on coralline red algae to keep you browsing for hours.

Red Algae: Rhodophyta - Clickable genus names show a photograph and information of many genera.

Botany : Root Systems and Plant Mineral Nutrition

Essential Elements for Plant Growth - This site describes the role of the 16 elements essential for plant growth. A large number of linked pages at the web site provide more in-depth information.

Mineral Nutrients - Information on essential elements.

Plant Nutrients - More information on essential elements.

Something To Grow On - Information on fertilizers.

Hydroponics - This site describes the principles of hydroponics, and answers FAQs.

Biological Nitrogen Fixation - From the University of Florida.

Botany : Roots

Roots

Stem and Root Anatomy - Information about stems, wood, and roots.

Root Structure - Good information on herbaceous and woody roots.

Stem and Root Anatomy - Information about stems, wood, and roots.

The Root - Basic information on roots.

Structure of Roots - Good basic information.

Botany : Slime Molds

Introduction to the Slime Molds - Information and many links.

Myxomycota - A description and diagrams of this type of slime mold.

Botany : Specialized Roots

Fungi and Mycorrhizae FAQs - Information on this mutualistic relationship. http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/agriculture/sustainable_agriculture/faqs/fungi-faq.html

Mycorrhizae - Text only.

Botany : Spices Herbs and Perfumes

Selected Herbs - Photos and information.

Allspice, Bay Rum, Bay Leaves, Capers, Cloves, Nutmeg, and Witch Hazel

Cinnamon: It's Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls

Camphor: A Diminishing Industry of Great Importance - Camphor is a member of the family Lauraceae, and the oils are distilled from the tree.

Coriander and Cilantro - Check it out–is there a difference?

Botany : Stems and Secondary Growth

Structure of Stems - Information, diagrams, photomicrographs.

Theory of Steles - A discussion of the development of steles.

Botany : Stimulating Beverages Derived From Plants

Coffee: Before it was Good to the Last Drop - Information on coffee, including history, cultivation, and processing.

Green Tea: Nature's Rediscovered Ancient Medicine

The Tea Plant - More on tea.

Botany : Temperate Fruits and Nuts

Citrus Fruits - Information and photographs.

The Strawberry - The fruit of the genus Fragaria has been loved by many for centuries.

The Tomato - Information on the widely cultivated Lycopersicon.

Tomato, Tomatillo, Eggplant and Chayote - Information on these fruits that we call vegetables.

Largest Vegetable - Much information on fruits and “vegetables” that are really fruits.

California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. - Many links!

Red Hot Chili Peppers - Peppers, having seeds, are of course, a fruit.

Gourds - Information from the Kew Gardens.

Grapes, Blackberries, Strawberries, Huckleberries and Gooseberries - Check out these fruits.

Apple, Pear, Quince, Loquat, Peach, Cherry, Jujube, Olive and Avocado Fruit - Members of the rose, buckthorn, olive, and laurel families.

Fruits Called Nuts - Great photographs.

Botany : Thermophiles

Archaebacteria: Life on Mars? - Information on thermophiles, including cyanobacterial species, as well as halophiles.

Life at High Temperatures - Information and great pictures of bacteria surviving up to boiling temperatures.

Botany : Tropical Fruits and Nuts

Cocos nucifera - The coconut. Humans use more than just the seed.

Coconut Palm

Palm Fruits - Useful photos to determine the parts of a coconut fruit as well as the fruits of other palms. Read on to learn about other nuts.

Heaven's Delight - Vanilla - Information on the life history of the vanilla tree.

Avocado - Information on this unusual fruit with a single seed. There’s more to this than guacamole!

The Avocado - More information.

The Incredible Pineapple

The Chocolate Tree - Information on the cacao tree.

The Mango: Asia's King of Fruits - Too bad I’m allergic to Mangifera indica!

Banana - Information from the Kew Gardens.

Kiwifruit - Information from the Kew Gardens.

Botany : Vegetable Oils and Waxes

Wax - The origins of various waxes.

The Extraordinary Olive - Interesting information about olives and olive oil.

Canola - Learn about the rapeseed plant and production of canola oil.

Fats and Oils - Interesting information about plant and animal fats and oils.

Tung Oil Tree - Tung oil is not eaten, but is used as an oil in industrial and household purposes (e.g. furniture oil).

Botany : Viruses

Introduction to the Viruses - From the UCMP.

MSI–AIDS: The War Within - From Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry, latest news about AIDS and HIV.

All the Virology on the WWW - This is a good resource on all facets of virology.

The Big Picture Book of Viruses - Learn much about viruses at this site. Useful link to bacterial families.

The Bacteriophage Ecology Group - Information on bacteriophages and links.

All the Virology on the WWW

Botany : Water Molds

Oomycota - Description and diagrams of these water molds.

The Irish Potato Famine Fungus, Phytophthora infestans

History of the Irish Potato Famine - This is why my ancestors emigrated to the United States.

Botany : Water Relations in Plants

Key Concepts on Movement of Water and Solutes in Plants - A description of water and plants.

Transpiration - A rather complicated lab to measure transpiration rates.

Botany : Wood Cork and Bamboo

Wood Structure - A terrific site! Much information, many photographs, many links.

Basic Wood Structure: Surfaces of Wood - From the University of Minnesota.

Hardwoods - Interesting site on wood! An enormous amount of information.

Hardwoods - Much good information.

Sandalwood - A very rare, prized wood.

Society of American Foresters - A very interesting link to the top 10 advances made in forestry science.

Society of American Foresters: Links

Wood Structure - Contains information on cork as well.

Friends of the Earth: Living World: Reducing Wood Consumption - In addition to the emphasis on conservation of timber resources, there is much information on various species of trees used as wood. http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/biodiversity_and_habitats/forest/reducing_wood_consumption/timba-l.html

Bamboo - Life history and uses of bamboo.

The Natural History of Mahogany - Information on the tropical tree, Swietenia macrophylla.

Botany : Woody Stems

Stem and Root Anatomy - Information about stems, wood, and roots.

The Ultimate Tree-Ring Pages - Information and links to more on tree rings.

Botany : Zygomycota

Zygomycota - A description, and a diagram of the life cycle of this bread mold.

Zygomycota - Much information on various fungi in this group.

Miscellaneous : Biological Design

Sauropods, Elephants, Weightlifters: Allometry

Brain/Body Allometry in Dinosaurs - Evidence for endothermy.

Tuna: Countercurrent Heat Exchangers - From a course at Berkeley. 07.03.01 http://www-ib.berkeley.edu/IB/instruction/IB150/material/lectures/lecture20/TunaCC.html

Miscellaneous : Coevolution

Coevolution - Examples of mutualism.

Coevolution - A course from San Diego State University. Not the entire course content, but each lecture unit poses many interesting questions on this topic and includes resources for further research.

Coevolution - An on-line course.

Coevolution - Lecture notes; includes definitions of cospeciation vs coevolution vs coadaptation.

Miscellaneous : Conodonts

The Pander Society– International Conodont Research

Miscellaneous : Life Histories

Evolutionary Ecology of Life Histories. Part II

Temporal Dynamics of Populations - A thorough treatment of demography.

Temporal Dynamics of Populations. Part II - Also a nifty world map showing human population growth dynamics.

Miscellaneous : Locomotion

Fish Swimming I - Access to full text of an article from the Journal of Experimental Biology.

Fish Swimming II - Another article from the Journal of Experimental Biology.

Legs, Feet, and Cursorial Locomotion - Links to much more information on various modes of locomotion, and skeletal adaptations.

Miscellaneous : Sociobiology

Sexual Selection, Social Behavior - Detailed notes from a course at the University of Miami.

Altruism and Cooperation - Detailed notes from a course at the University of Miami.

Cooperation, Reciprocal Altruism - Detailed notes from a course at the University of Miami.

Evolutionary Ecology of Life Histories - Detailed notes from a course at the University of Miami.

Miscellaneous : Thermal Relations

Animal Thermoregulation - Detailed notes from a course at the University of Miami.

Miscellaneous : Vertebrate Laboratory Exercises

Germ Layers - A lab on development, and the anatomy of the lamprey. Extensive text, and good labeled photographs. From the University of British Columbia.

Dogfish Internal Anatomy - The digestive system, sensory organs and brain. Much information and good labeled photos. From the University of British Columbia.

Dogfish External Anatomy - A lab on the external anatomy of the dogfish, but with special detail on circulation and gill anatomy. Great labeled photos accompany the text. From the University of British Columbia.

Dogfish Eye - A lab on the external, and internal anatomy of the eye. Extensive text and good labeled photographs. Includes the dissection of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. From the University of British Columbia.

Integument and its Derivatives - The integument of an extremely wide variety of the vertebrates. Excellent text and labeled photomicrographs. Scales, teeth, skin. The most diverse, clear, and interesting set of photographs! From the University of British Columbia.

The Vertebrate Skull - A comparison of various skulls. Excellent treatment, photographs. High level treatment. From the University of British Columbia.

The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton - Excluding the Skull. Excellent, high level treatment. From the University of British Columbia.

Muscular, Digestive, and Urogenital Systems - Both photomicrographs and photographs of cats and rats. Appropriate for lower division courses. From the University of British Columbia.

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems - Both photomicrographs and photographs of cats and rats. Appropriate for lower division courses. From the University of British Columbia.

Nervous System - Photographs of sheep brains, color models of brains of many varied vertebrates. Appropriate for lower division courses. From the University of British Columbia.

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