Top : New : 28-Jun-2001

: What's New

196 New Links:

General Biology : Aerobic Respiration

Concept Map on Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Informative text, and illustrative diagrams borrowed from a textbook map out each step.

The Biology Project: Metabolism Problem Set - An excellent tutorial on cellular respiration.

Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle - This MIT hypertextbook has terrific graphics and text describing these processes.

Lipid Metabolism - This site describes in great deal the pathways by which lipids are metabolized in the body. Contains many links to other sites.

General Biology : Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation Pathways

Microbial Fermentations: Changing the Course of Human History - An interesting description of fermentation processes used by humans.

Selected References on Fermentation - Including intriguing publications and links, including "How to Brew Your First Beer."

Cider Making - A discussion of the fermentation process.

Brewing - Information on carrying out fermentation in your kitchen!

General Biology : Architectural Pattern and Diversity of Animals

Invertebrate Zoology - Diagrams and photographs of invertebrates; external and internal anatomy is labeled. It resembles pictorial atlases for zoology.

Vertebrate Zoology - Very nicely done. Diagrams and photographs of invertebrates; external and internal anatomy is labeled. It resembles the pictorial atlases for zoology. (http://www2.cdepot.net/~walser/worldofscience/Biology/Pictorial%20Help/Vertebrate%20Zoology/index.html)

Kingdom Animalia - A large table comparing and contrasting the body plans of the major animal phyla.

University of Minnesota Phylum Comparison Table - I would suggest that you print this out, and fill it in during this course. It also links you to pages specific to each phylum.

The Dissection Lab - A lengthy table which compares various systems of the earthworm, the frog, the snake, the shark, the perch, the pigeon, and the pig.

Animals at a Glance - An outline showing you the taxonomy of animals you will study in this course.

Classification of Living Things - An introduction to the principles of taxonomy with a focus on human classification categories.

Interagency Taxonomic Information System - A joint project between the U.S., Canada, and Mexican governments cooperating on the development of an on-line, scientifically credible, list of biological names focusing on the biota of North America.

General Biology : Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Biology - Information from a course in asexual reproduction in plants.

The Range of Asexual Reproduction - Information on both plants and animals.

General Biology : Bacterial Replication

Binary Fission in Bacteria - A discussion of the lab phase, the log phase, the stationary phase, and exponential growth. If you’re really bored, visit the BioCam to watch bacteria divide in real time.

General Biology : Basic Tissue Types

Histology Tutorial - Terrific photomicrographs done by the University of Florida College of Medicine– a tutorial, divided into systems. Can choose to be in Quiz Mode or Review Mode.

Jay Doc Histo Web - The University of Kansas (the Blue Jays) Histology site. You can choose from various systems to view photomicrographs and electron micrographs of histological sections.

Loyola University Medical Center, Histology and Molecular Biology Lessons - Photomicrographs grouped by body system can be viewed.

Histology Laboratory Index - Click on tissue types to see photomicrographs of histological sections from the Indiana University School of Medicine. Includes pathological specimens.

U. of Michigan Histology - This site shows photomicrographs from tissues from all of the various body systems.

The Virtual Microscope - Look in the "slide box" to see excellent, large photomicrographs of tissue types. Choose the magnification, and with or without labels.

UW Histology Atlas - Great labeled or unlabeled photomicrographs of histological sections from the University of Wisconsin.

Histology- The Web Laboratory - Links to units on many systems of the human body. Many interesting histological photomicrographs, from Ohio State. Requires a downloadable plug-in, but it’s worth the time.

Histology - Great site with much information and links to photographs of different types of tissues.

General Biology : Cells and Tissues- Histology

Cell Biology Home Page - Beautifully illustrated lectures on a number of cell biology topics from a graduate course at the University of Texas Medical Branch.

Animal Cells and Tissues - Diagrams and electron photomicrographs of animal tissue types, along with a short description of the cell types. Has links to the source web sites of the photomicrographs, and also links to sources of more information on a variety of subjects relating to cellular biology.

JayDoc HistoWeb - Probably the best link to histological images, from the University of Kansas (the Jay Hawks; hence the name).

Histology-–The Web Laboratory - Links to units on many systems of the body, including the skin. Requires a free plug in to access the units. From Ohio State University.

UW Histology Atlas - From the University of Wisconsin Medical School.

Histology - From Indiana University.

General Biology : Cellular Respiration

ATP and Biological Energy - A great overview of cellular respiration and ATP, with wonderful color graphics.

Adenosine Triphosphate - Information on this molecule.

Cellular Respiration - Information, including nifty graphics. Some good links as well.

Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry - This site has both a 3-D and a 2-D version that show the molecules and reactions in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, Krebs citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and polysaccharide paths.

Cellular Respiration - More text and graphics regarding aerobic respiration. Also information on mitochondrial DNA.

Electron Transport - A simple, yet useful diagram showing the locations of the Krebs cycle and electron transport.

Basic Concepts of Metabolism - Learn more about the basics of cell carbohydrate metabolism in "The Totality of Chemical Reactions of Living Matter." At this site, the user can find information about catabolism and anabolism, autotrophic and heterotrophic pathways, and redox reactions.

General Biology : Classification and Phylogeny of Animals

Carol Linnaeus - Information on the life of this famous early taxonomist.

Carl von Linne - More biographical information.

The Tree of Life - This site is a must-see for anyone interested in information on the classification and phylogeny of animals. Its navigator provides the ability to search for phylogenetic information on a wide range of animal groups. It provides links to much biological information on the web.

Kingdom Animalia - Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. More links than you could ever check out!

Animals at a Glance - Taxonomic classification, from the University of Minnesota.

Sea World, Busch Gardens; Diversity of Life - An introduction to the animal phyla, including photos and characteristics of the phyla.

Taxonomic Resources and Expertise Directory (TRED) - Find a new species in your back yard? This is the place to find information regarding how to classify it.

Species 2000 - To goal of this organization is to provide a uniform and validated index of names of all known species of organisms.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) - More information, supported by the USGS and other cooperating agencies, focusing on the biota of North America. ITIS is part of Species 2000, an international project to classify and list all of the world’s known species.

Glossary - Definitions of terms related to taxonomy.

Natural Perspective: Animal Kingdom - A starting point to review the major animal phyla.

Phylum/Major Group Index to Zoological Record Taxonomic Hierarchy - Information on taxonomic groups from Biosis.

Introduction to Phylogeny - This site is great! It is part of a virtual museum from the University of California, Berkley. It is a bit confusing to navigate at first, but nevertheless provides much information and some nice images. Within most taxa, you can click to learn more about a group's fossil record, life history and ecology, systematics, or morphology. Includes just about all organisms. Help files, glossary, and a navigating tool called Web Lift are available.

Biology 120 Phylogeny Exercise - Extensive information on taxonomy and phylogeny.

Animal Records - Find out the records for the longest tapeworm (18 m), the centipede with the most legs (354), or the largest lobster (1 m length, weight of 18 kg).

General Biology : Cloning

Human Cloning Foundation’s Home Page - Somewhat commercial, but connections to good information.

Making Babies: Human Cloning - An interview, produced by PBS, on cloning.

Scientific American: A Clone in Sheep’s Clothing (3/97) - Information on the cloning of Dolly.

General Biology : Darwinian Evolutionary Theory

The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin - The entire book on-line!

Darwin-Wallace 1858 Paper on Evolution - From this site you can search and read the seminal paper and related works.

History of Evolutionary Thought - This is a timeline of the major players who have contributed to our understanding of evolutionary thought.

Early Theories of Evolution: Darwin and Natural Selection - History, text, links. Try the practice quiz.

Evolution Entrance - Theory and History is a well-written, thorough treatment of the founders of natural science, the great naturalists of the eighteenth century. The focus is on scientists who had ideas on evolution, and those who were proponents of natural selection.

The Origin of Species, 1st Edition by Charles Darwin - The original text, complete, from the Talk.Origins Archive.

Center for Scientific Creation - Want to learn what creationists say? Check this out. As a budding scientist, how might you refute some of these claims? Look at "20 Questions for Evolutionists" (click on ?Evolution). Give a scientifically based answer to question 1. Does the question even make any sense?

Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology - A plethora of links!

Evolution Web Sites - A list of links.

Handprint: Ancestral Lines - This site describes the evolution of the genus Homo, and related predecessors, with a very useful visual timeline.

General Biology : Development of Female Gametes

Anatomy: The Pelvis - A description of the male and female reproductive systems in humans. Definitions of terms.

Slide List for Female Reproductive - Photomicrographs of the vertebrate female reproductive system.

General Biology : Development of Male Gametes

Anatomy: The Pelvis - A description of the male and female reproductive systems in humans. Definitions of terms.

Slide List for Male Reproductive - Photomicrographs of the vertebrate male reproductive system.

General Biology : Energy and Laws of Thermodynamics

Physical Chemistry– Thermodynamics - Probably more than you ever wanted to know!

General Biology : Enzymes

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts - A good review. Check out related pages at the end of this page.

Enzyme Biochemistry - This chapter is from a MIT hypertextbook. Chemical energetics, enzyme mechanics, enzyme kinetics, feedback inhibition are covered, and feedback regulation problems are included.

Whole Food Formula- Enzymes - Visit this rather scientifically incorrect site to see how many people pay lots of money due to lack of knowledge of enzymes. As a scientist, why can you see that this is just a waste of money? What statements in this ad are correct facts and which are not?

Enzymes Tutorials - Answer questions as you learn more about enzymes, how scientists study enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and enzyme kinetics.

Physical and Chemical Preconditions of Biochemical Reactions - Enzyme Catalysis. Includes a link to information on enzyme regulation.

General Biology : Evidences for Evolution

Early Theories of Evolution: Evidence of Evolution - Much useful information, including links to full text versions of some of the works of Darwin and other early scientists working on evolution.

Exobiology: An Interview with Stanley Miller - An extensive interview, and animations of the Miller-Urey experiment.

Geology and Geologic Time - Learn more about the geologic time scale and rock strata at this site.

Burgess Shale Fossil Sampler - From the Smithsonian Institute.

General Biology : Evolution

The Talk.Origins Archive: Home Page - This is a great place to start.

Evolution FAQs - This site provides a wealth of information on evolutionary theory. It introduces evolutionary theory at a basic level, provides evidence for evolution, and presents the modern synthesis of evolution and genetics.

The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859) - This site describes the lengthy history of this belief and the major players who sought to refute this idea. Louis Pasteur finally laid this idea to rest, opening the door for ideas on evolution.

Glossary of Terms - Short glossary of terms relating to evolution.

Genetics - The genetic basis of evolution. Good background if you are studying evolution before you have learned about genetics.

General Biology : Fertilization and Development of the Embryo

The Foundations of Developmental Biology - An on-line segment of a course dealing with development. A plethora of links.

BERP: Basic Embryology Review Program - This site supported by the University of Pennsylvania provides images of embryos, representations of developmental stages, and descriptions of developmental processes.

Amphibian Embryology Tutorial - This site is a tutorial on amphibian embryology. Click on an icon to learn more about particular stages of development.

Dynamic Development Main Page - A thorough treatment of aspects of embryogenesis.

Developmental Mechanisms Problem Set - From the Biology Project. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/developmental_bio/problem_sets/Developmental_Mechanisms/developmental_mechanisms.html

General Biology : Fungal Reproduction

Fungus Among Us - The table of contents which will link you to photographs of both sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi.

General Biology : Gene Control and Expression

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer - This site includes a thorough discussion of the cell cycle, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, how oncogenes cause cancer, and where these genes are located within the human genome.

Control of Gene Expression - Includes a discussion of the lac and the trp operons of E. coli.

Prokaryotic Gene Expression - Information on the trp operon. Well done.

Prokaryotic Genetics and Gene Expression - This MIT hypertext chapter covers gene expression, and includes practice problems.

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Site - Blazing a Genetic Trail, focuses on the gene mutations that cause disease as they review recent genetic research and its applications.

General Biology : Genetics

A Genetics Glossary - A very extensive glossary of terms relating to genetics.

Glossary - Yet another genetics glossary. Even more detailed.

Mendel Web - This site is a resource for teachers and students interested in classical genetics, data analysis, and the history and literature of science. It includes Mendel's original paper (written in German) and an English translation of the paper.

Classic Genetics– Mendel and Earlier Works

Human Biology - An enormous number of useful links to all types of topics relating to genetics.

Morgan Table of Contents - This useful site contains information on genetics, and self-quizzing. Great graphics, much collegiate level information from the University of Rutgers. Loads slowly.

General Biology : Hormonal Control of Events During Gestation

Endocrines and Reproduction - This site includes valuable information on the endocrine system and hormones vital in reproduction.

General Biology : Human Genome Project

Human Genome Project Information - Supported by the US Department of Energy, this site has much information, links, research, references, and FAQs.

The Human Transcript Map - The genes of the human genome, circa 1996. Text material describes disease conditions associated with individual genes. Clickable by chromosome number. Many links to other sites.

GeneMap’99 - An updated version.

NCBI HomePage - National Center for Biotechnology Information. Much information, many links.

Genes and Disease - Clickable chromosomes, learn about diseases associated with particular chromosomes.

Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) Home Page - This is an interdisciplinary program involving molecular fingerprinting, the mouse tumor gene index, the human tumor gene index, and many links to other resources.

CancerNet - Information from the National Cancer Institute including the genetic causes for breast and ovarian cancers, testing, and factors which may affect a woman’s choice for testing.

Inherited Disease Genes Identified by Positional Cloning - From the National Genome Research Institute.

Disease Pages - Links to identified diseases in humans that have been identified to date. Many further links.

Gene Cards - Human Genes, Maps, Proteins and Diseases. A database of human genes– this is a very large database.

The Human Genome Project - describes the history of the project and progress made to date.

General Biology : Macroevolution

UCMP Web Time Machine - Click on a time period to learn more.

Fossil Hominids - This site provides a summary of current thinking about human evolution and refutes creationist claims regarding human origins.

General Biology : Meiosis

Lillium Meiosis - Labeled photomicrographs of the stages of meiosis in a lily.

Meiosis Tutorial - This exercise from the University of Arizona’s Biology Project shows the events of meiosis with both text and illustrations.

Meiosis - An Access Excellence short review of meiosis.

Meiosis and Genetic Recombination - This site is a section from the Mendelian genetics chapter of the MIT hypertextbook. Good discussion of crossing over and recombination during meiosis.

The Turner Center - A site with many links to other sources of information on aneuploidies.

General Biology : Mendelian Genetics

Gregor Mendel - Biographical information.

Mendelian Genetics - Links to great pages on subtopics.

The Monohybrid Crosses - Much information, textbook style, on Mendelian genetics.

The Biology Project: Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics Practice Problems - From an MIT hypertextbook.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Blazing a Genetic Trail: Research on Muta - An on-line version of a compelling, up-to-date booklet on genetics.

Pedigrees - A lengthy example of how pedigrees are used to determine patterns of inheritance in humans, from the MIT hypertext.

Mendelian Genetics - Information, primarily text.

Basic Principles of Genetics: Topic Menu - Check out the various links from this course web page.

The DNA-o-gram Generator - Just for fun.

General Biology : Methods of Classification

Journey into the World of Cladistics - This site includes an introduction, a discussion of methodology, implication, and the need for cladistics.

Methodology of a Cladistic Analysis - Information on how to construct a cladogram.

What is Cladistics - A short but informative introduction to cladistics.

References About Phylogenetic Biology - A very long list of references (not links) on phylogenetic biology.

Glossary of Phylogenetic Systematics - An extensive glossary of the terminology necessary to understand systematics.

Cladistics - A glossary.

PHYLIP Home Page - This is a free computer-based phylogenetic systematics program from the Department of Genetics at the University of Washington.

Haeckel’s Drawings - A reevaluation of Haeckel’s "phylotypic" stages.

General Biology : Molecular Basis of Genetics

DNA Structure and Function - Much information on the history of the quest to discover the structure of DNA, also on protein synthesis, including a practice problem on transcription and translation. Interesting perspective on genetic technology.

RNA Synthesis - Much detailed information.

The Genetic Code - Structure of tRNA and the genetic code. A full key to the abbreviations in the genetic code.

Protein Synthesis - Print this one out, “white out” the labels, and see if you can identify the components in this composite diagram, and explain each step.

DNA and Protein Pages - Information on proteins, DNA and RNA structure, and transcription and translation. An enormous amount of links.

Variation in Chromosome Structure - This site explores variations in chromosome number in plants and animals, including how variations in structure are related to human disorders.

Variation in Chromosome Number - This site explores variations in chromosome number in plants and animals, including how variations in number are related to human disorders.

Stanford Genomic Resources - This site contains information on both the Saccharomyces and Arabidopsis thaliana databases. Very current.

Cell and Molecular Biology Online - This resource for cellular and molecular biologists provides links to information on publications, careers, laboratory methods, educational resources, current research, and three-dimensional graphics. Also very current.

CancerNet - This site, maintained by the National Cancer Institute, provides answers to commonly asked questions about gene therapy and cancer, and contains many links.

Mendelian Genetics Chapter - A hypertextbook from MIT on genetics, including problems in linkage and pedigrees. Other chapters on molecular genetics.

NHGRI: The Human Genome Project - A NIH sponsored site with many links to other sites containing information on the Human Genome Project.

Ribosomal Database Project - Information, downloads, documentation, references and links to more information on the ribosomal database.

Legacies–Transformation and DNA - This site explores how genetic material can be transformed from one bacterium to another, as discovered during Griffith's experiments in the late 1920s. This web site also describes the follow-up works of Avery, MacLeod, and MacCarthy that showed that DNA was the genetic material of all organisms.

One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis - This discusses Beadle and Tatum's 1941 breakthrough in finding the connection between genes and enzymes. How understanding the genetic code will advance the field of biotechnology is also considered.

Experiments that Inspire - The Hershey-Chase experiments are described, along with information on when viruses were discovered, and why there was the need to know what was the genetic material.

DNA Crossword Puzzle - Test your skills.

General Biology : Natural Selection

Synthetic Theory of Evolution: Natural Selection - A very well done site on this topic, including a practice quiz. Also check out return to menu, for related topics

Genetic Drift and Gene Flow - A description of these factors affecting evolution.

General Biology : Neo-Darwinism

Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution - This site provides information on how ideas from modern genetics and evolutionary theory work together to provide information related to the causes and results of evolutionary change.

Punctuated Equilibria - This site provides a history of the observations and ideas that led to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, as well as a detailed description of the model and the reasons why it is important, particularly to paleontologists. The site also explains common misconceptions regarding the punctuated equilibrium model.

Fossil Hominids - This site provides a summary of current thinking about human evolution and refutes creationist claims regarding human origins.

General Biology : Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Mendel’s Laws– Deviations– Meaning of Dominance - Some examples of inheritance that do not follow Mendelian patterns.

General Biology : Plant Reproduction

Lillium Meiosis - Labeled photomicrographs of the stages of meiosis in a lily.

General Biology : Plant Tissue Culture Transgenic Crops

Area Planted with Transgenic Crops Up in 1999 - The greatest use of transgenic crops was in planting herbicide tolerant soybean (54%), Bt corn (19%) and herbicide tolerant canola (9%).

General Biology : Principles of Development Embryology in Invertebrates

Sea Urchin Embryology - What a resource on this topic! There are pictures, animations, and information for both students and instructors.

Invertebrates - Links to information on developmental biology of invertebrates.

General Biology : Principles of Development Embryology in Vertebrates

Society for Developmental Biology - This site includes many valuable web sites of the members of the society.

Virtual Library: Developmental Biology - Links to many sources of information.

Bill Wasserman’s Developmental Biology Page - Many links are found in "web resources."

The Virtual Embryo - This is a guide to animal development.

BERP: Basic Embryology Review Program - This site lets you view human development from conception to week 38.

The Foundations of Developmental Biology - An on-line segment of a course dealing with development. A plethora of links.

Initial Development - From Sperm and Egg to Embryo. Includes modules such as "Close Encounters of the Zygotic Kind" and "Developmental Biology in the Bedrooms of the Nation."

Zygote: Info Link - Information on embryogenesis.

Pregnancy and Child Health Center - The Mayo Clinic informational site on pregnancy and early childhood development. Reference articles, information, references, links, and quizzes. Images of embryological development; even a pregnancy due-date calculation.

General Biology : Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis Activities - An easy-to-remember analogy for protein synthesis is presented at this site. Although designed for a teacher, this site holds the key for understanding protein synthesis. Substantial background information on protein synthesis is also presented.

Protein Synthesis - A very nifty, short program that allows you to input a DNA sequence, and then see the mRNA sequence and amino acid sequence that would be the result. Use this as a practice! Try mutations and see what happens.

Central Dogma Directory - This MIT hypertext chapter covers transcription, translation, and includes practice problems.

The Ribosome - A description and diagrams of transcription and translation.

General Biology : Punctuated vs Gradualist Evolution

Punctuated Equilibria - This site provides a history of the observations and ideas that led to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, as well as a detailed description of the model and the reasons why it is important, particularly to paleontologists. The site also explains common misconceptions regarding the punctuated equilibrium model.

General Biology : Recombinant Technology

Glossary of Biotechnology Terms - The site is a fully searchable version of Technomic's Glossary of Biotechnology Terms. This is designed for use by anyone with an interest in biotechnology; particularly those who may not be formally trained in biotechnology. Clear, concise definitions are provided for quick reference.

USDA Agricultural Biotechnology - Contains links to all types of information on biotechnology, particularly as it relates to agriculture.

What the Heck is PCR? - A short explanation of this process.

National Centre for Biotechnology Education - An overview of the origins and nature of biotechnology and enzymes used in food production can be found in Food Biotechnology: past, present, and future. This well written, comprehensive web site includes examples of current plant biotechnology, and plants that are currently undergoing field trials. Some of the concerns for environmental safety are explained.

Recombinant DNA Chapter - This MIT hypertext chapter on immunology contains a wealth of information, particularly on the methodology involved in biotechnology.

Molecular Biology Cyberlab - Information on RFLP and gel electrophoresis.

Gel Electrophoresis - Information on this technique.

Gel Electrophoresis - More information on this technique. Good links.

General Biology : Reproduction

Initial Development - From Sperm and Egg to Embryo. Includes modules such as "Close Encounters of the Zygotic Kind" and "Developmental Biology in the Bedrooms of the Nation."

General Biology : Speciation

Observed Instances of Speciation - Includes a discussion of the biological species concept.

General Biology : Trees of Life

Tree of Life Home Page - The Tree of Life explores the phylogenetic relationships between great numbers of organisms and is continually updated.

Life on Earth - The three proposed domains of life.

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