CONTENTS

1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics

1-1 Introduction
1-2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1-3 Variables and Types of Data
1-4 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques
1-5 Observational and Experimental Studies
1-6 Computers and Calculators
1-7 Summary

2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs

2-1 Introduction
2-2 Organizing Data
2-3 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives
2-4 Other Types of Graphs
2-5 Summary

3 Data Description

3-1 Introduction
3-2 Measures of Central Tendency
3-3 Measures of Variation
3-4 Measures of Position
3-5 Exploratory Data Analysis
3-6 Summary

4 Counting Techniques

4-1 Introduction
4-2 Tree Diagrams and the Multiplication Rule for Counting
4-3 Permutations and Combinations
4-4 Summary

5 Probability

5-1 Introduction
5-2 Sample Spaces and Probability
5-3 The Addition Rules for Probability
5-4 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability
5-5 Probability and Counting Techniques (Optional)
5-6 Summary

6 Discrete Probability Distributions

6-1 Introduction
6-2 Probability Distributions
6-3 Mean, Variance, and Expectation
6-4 The Binomial Distribution
6-5 Other Types of Distributions (Optional)
6-6 Summary

7 The Normal Distribution

7-1 Introduction
7-2 Properties of the Normal Distribution
7-3 The Standard Normal Distribution
7-4 Applications of the Normal Distribution
7-5 The Central Limit Theorem
7-6 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
7-7 Summary

8 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size

8-1 Introduction
8-2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Known or n³30) and Sample Size
8-3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Unknown and n<30)
8-4 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions
8-5 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations
8-6 Summary

9 Hypothesis Testing

9-1 Introduction
9-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing - Traditional Method
9-3 z test for a Mean
9-4 t test for a Mean
9-5 z test for a Proportion
9-6 c2 test for a Variance or Standard Deviation
9-7 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing
9-8 Summary

10 Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions

10-1 Introduction
10-2 Testing the Difference between Two Means: Large Samples
10-3 Testing the Difference between Two Variances
10-4 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Independent Samples
10-5 Testing the Difference between Two Means: Small Dependent Samples
10-6 Testing the Difference between Proportions
10-7 Summary

11 Correlation and Regression

11-1 Introduction
11-2 Scatter Plots
11-3 Correlation
11-4 Regression
11-5 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of Estimate
11-6 Multiple Regression (Optional)
11-7 Summary

12 Other Chi-Square Tests

12-1 Introduction
12-2 Test for Goodness of Fit
12-3 Tests Using Contingency Tables
12-4 Summary

13 Analysis of Variance

13-1 Introduction
13-2 One-Way Analysis of Variance
13-3 The Scheffé Test and the Tukey Test
13-4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance
13-5 Summary

14 Nonparametric Statistics

14-1 Introduction
14-2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods
14-3 The Sign Test
14-4 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
14-5 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
14-6 The Kruskal-Wallis Test
14-7 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs Test
14-8 Summary

15 Sampling and Simulation

15-1 Introduction
15-2 Common Sampling Techniques
15-3 Surveys and Questionnaire Design
15-4 Simulation Techniques
15-5 The Monte Carlo Method
15-6 Summary

Appendices
A Algebra Review
B Writing the Research Report
C Tables
D Data Bank
E Glossary
F Bibliography
G Photo Credits
H Selected Answers