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Chapter 9: The Human Lineage Established

Overview
This chapter continues the story of hominid evolution with the appearance of Australopithecus africanus and the newly discovered, but poorly understood, Australopithecus garhi. It then examines two new lineages that emerge between 3 and 2 million years ago. One of these lineages is represented by several species of Paranthropus and the other by Homo habilis and rudolfensis. The earliest stone tools are described and their significance to the lifestyle of early members of genus Homo is explored. The origins of language are then considered with respect to the complex interplay between vocal apparatus and brain development. The chapter concludes with a look at hunting behavior and its role in human evolution.

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